Consumer medicine information

Nuvigil

Armodafinil

BRAND INFORMATION

Brand name

Nuvigil

Active ingredient

Armodafinil

Schedule

What is in this leaflet

This leaflet answers some common questions about NUVIGIL tablets. As this leaflet does not contain all the available information, it is important that you talk to your doctor or pharmacist.

All medicines have risks and benefits. Your doctor has weighed the risks of you receiving NUVIGIL against the benefits this medicine is expected to have for you.

If you have any concerns about taking this medicine, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again.

What NUVIGIL is used for

NUVIGIL is used to improve wakefulness in people with excessive daytime sleepiness associated with the medical condition known as narcolepsy or with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea/Hypopnoea Syndrome (OSAHS), or shift work sleep disorder (SWSD).

In narcolepsy, there is a sudden and irresistible tendency to fall asleep during normal waking hours. This happens at unpredictable times, even when it is inappropriate or may be unsafe to do so. NUVIGIL decreases this unwanted excessive daytime sleepiness.

With OSAHS, daytime sleepiness may occur due to an interrupted night time sleep. NUVIGIL only treats the symptom of sleepiness and does not treat the cause of OSAHS. Whilst taking NUVIGIL you should continue with treatments intended to help manage your underlying medical condition, such as Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, unless your doctor tells you otherwise.

If you have been diagnosed with moderate to severe chronic Shift Work Sleep Disorder (SWSD) and non-drug therapies have been unsuitable or unsuccessful, NUVIGIL may be prescribed to keep you awake during your work shift.

Precisely how NUVIGIL works is not known, but it is known that it acts on the central nervous system (the brain). It differs from other stimulant medicines that promote wakefulness. NUVIGIL increases wakefulness.

Your doctor may have prescribed NUVIGIL for another reason. Ask your doctor if you have any questions about why NUVIGIL has been prescribed for you.

Before you take NUVIGIL

When you must not take it

You must not take NUVIGIL if you:

are allergic to armodafinil, modafinil or any of the other ingredients listed at the end of this leaflet. (See "NUVIGIL tablets description"). Signs of allergic reaction may include a skin rash, itching, shortness of breath or swelling of the face, lips or tongue
are pregnant currently,planning to become pregnant or likely to become pregnant or are breastfeeding.

If you could become pregnant, you should confirm by a pregnancy test that you are not pregnant within a week prior to starting treatment. Armodafinil is suspected to cause birth defects if taken during pregnancy.

Do not take NUVIGIL if the packaging shows signs of tampering or the tablets do not look quite right.

Do not take NUVIGIL if the expiry date on the packaging has passed.

If you are not sure about whether you should start taking NUVIGIL, you should contact your doctor.

Before you take it

Before you start taking NUVIGIL you should discuss with your doctor any of the following points which apply to you. If you:

are under 18 or over 65 years old
have a history of mental health problems
have heart problems, including, for example, angina (chest pain), previous heart attack, enlarged heart
have an abnormal/irregular heart rhythm
have high blood pressure or your high blood pressure is controlled by medication
have kidney or liver problems
are taking hormonal contraceptives
are pregnant, could become pregnant or are planning to become pregnant
are currently receiving treatment for anxiety
are breastfeeding
are taking brain stimulants, such as methylphenidate
are taking any medicines to treat depression, including those called monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
are taking medicines to treat epilepsy or fits, such as phenytoin, oxcarbamazepine, carbamazepine and phenobarbitone
are taking medicines to treat fungal infections, such as ketoconazole and itraconazole
are taking medicines to help you sleep (sedatives)
are taking antibiotics such as rifampicin or erythromycin, clarithromycin
are taking cyclosporine, a medicine used to stop organ transplant rejection
are taking propranolol, a medicine used to treat, for example, high blood pressure, heart problems or migraine
are taking warfarin, a medicine used to prevent unwanted blood clotting
are taking theophylline, a medicine used in asthma and lung problems
are taking quetiapine, a medicine used to treat mental health conditions such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder
are taking omeprazole or esomeprazole, medicines used to treat stomach ulcers or gastric reflux
are taking any other medicines, including any available without a prescription from your pharmacy, supermarket or health food shop

Tell your doctor about any of the above before you take NUVIGIL.

Your doctor will discuss the risks and benefits of using NUVIGIL.

How to take NUVIGIL

It is important that you take this medicine as directed by the doctor. Your doctor will tell you how much you should take, when and how often. Follow your doctor's instructions. If you are unsure ask your doctor or pharmacist.

How much should you take

Each NUVIGIL tablet contains 50mg, 150mg or 250mg of armodafinil.

The usual daily dose of armodafinil depends on individual response. For sleepiness associated with narcolepsy or OSAHS, the dose ranges from 150mg to 250mg.

For SWSD, a dose of 150mg is recommended.

Do not exceed the recommended daily dose unless directed to do so by your doctor.

When and how should you take the tablets

For sleepiness associated with narcolepsy or OSAHS, you should take your NUVIGIL tablet as one dose, in the morning.

For narcolepsy or OSAHS, do not take your NUVIGIL tablet later than midday, or you may have trouble sleeping at night.

For SWSD, you should take your NUVIGIL tablet as a single dose 1 hour prior to commencing your shift work.

Swallow the tablet whole with a little water.

Take your dose before food as food can slow down the rate at which the treatment enters your blood stream and may delay the effects of your medication.

If you are currently on another treatment for narcolepsy, your doctor will advise you how best to withdraw from that treatment and begin taking NUVIGIL. Other stimulants used for narcolepsy may cause a "high" feeling. Be aware therefore that you may feel different as you withdraw from other stimulants. NUVIGIL is not associated with this "high" feeling. It works on excessive daytime sleepiness.

NUVIGIL only treats the symptom of sleepiness. Other treatments intended to help manage your underlying medical condition should still be used regularly, unless your doctor tells you otherwise. You should commence or continue disease-modifying interventions (for example, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure).

REMEMBER: This medicine is only for you. Only a doctor can prescribe it for you. Never give it to anyone else. It may harm them, even if their symptoms appear to be the same as yours.

If you forget to take it

If you miss a dose of NUVIGIL tablets, just take the next dose at your usual time. Do not take an extra dose to "catch up".

While you are taking NUVIGIL

Things you must do

If you could become pregnant, you should confirm by a pregnancy test that you are not pregnant within a week prior to starting treatment.

Tell your doctor if you are planning to become pregnant.

If you become pregnant while you are taking NUVIGIL, stop taking it and tell your doctor immediately.

If you are about to be started on any new medicine, tell your doctor and pharmacist that you are taking NUVIGIL.

Tell your doctor if you believe that NUVIGIL is not helping your condition. Your doctor may need to change the dose.

Things you must not do

Do not give NUVIGIL to anyone else, even if they have the same symptoms as you.

Things to be careful of

NUVIGIL may reduce the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives (including the contraceptive pill, implants, injectables and some intrauterine devices (IUDs)).

If you are using hormonal contraception, you should use an alternative non-hormonal method of birth control together with your current contraceptive whilst taking NUVIGIL and for 2 months after you stop treatment with NUVIGIL.

Do not drive or operate machinery until you know how NUVIGIL affects you.

Side Effects

NUVIGIL may cause you to have a serious rash.

Stop taking NUVIGIL and call your doctor right away or get emergency treatment if you have a skin rash, hives, sores in your mouth, or your skin blisters and peels, or if you have any sudden wheeziness, difficulty in breathing, swelling, or itching (especially affecting the whole body).

NUVIGIL may cause the following side effects in some people. In clinical studies, these side effects also occurred in people who received non-active (sugar) tablets. Tell your doctor if you notice any of these:

headache
nausea
diarrhoea
dry mouth
poor appetite
runny nose
sore throat
nervous feeling
dizziness
back pain
feeling anxious
upset stomach
trouble sleeping

Tell your doctor immediately if any of the following occur:

skin rash, hives, sores in your mouth, or your skin blisters and peels,
swelling of your face, eyes, lips, tongue or throat,
trouble swallowing or breathing
fever, shortness of breath, swelling of the legs, yellowing of the skin or white of the eyes or dark urine.
mental (psychiatric) symptoms including depression, anxiety, aggression, agitation, irritability, hallucinations, mania, thoughts of suicide or other mental problems.
Chest pain or abnormal heart beats
Fits or convulsions

Other side effects not listed above may also occur in some patients. Tell your doctor if you notice anything that makes you feel unwell. Do not be alarmed by this list of possible side effects. You may not experience any of them.

Overdosage

Immediately telephone your doctor or the Poisons Information Centre (telephone 13 11 26), or go to the emergency department of your nearest hospital, if you think you or anyone else may have taken too much NUVIGIL. Do this, even if there are no signs of discomfort or poisoning.

NUVIGIL tablets description

Each NUVIGIL tablet contains either 50mg, 150mg or 250mg of armodafinil.

Each tablet also contains the following inactive ingredients:

Lactose
pregelatinised maize starch
microcrystalline cellulose
croscarmellose sodium
povidone
magnesium stearate.

NUVIGIL 50mg tablets are white to off-white, round, uncoated tablets debossed with "C" logo on one side and "205" on the other.

NUVIGIL 150mg tablets are white to off-white, oval, uncoated tablets debossed with "C" logo on one side and "215" on the other.

NUVIGIL 250mg tablets are white to off-white, oval, uncoated tablets debossed with "C" logo on one side and "225" on the other.

NUVIGIL is supplied in packs containing 7 or 30 tablets.

Storage

Keep NUVIGIL tablets in the original packaging until it is time to take them.

Store NUVIGIL tablets below 25°C. Keep the packaging in a cool, dry place and away from direct heat and sunlight.

Do not store NUVIGIL tablets in the bathroom or near a sink.

Keep NUVIGIL tablets where children cannot reach them. A locked cupboard at least one-and-a-half metres above the ground is a good place to store medicines.

This is not all the information available on NUVIGIL. If you have any more questions or are unsure about anything, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

The Australian Registration Numbers are:

50mg tablets - bottle:
AUST R 226561

150mg tablet - bottle:
AUST R 226557

250mg tablet - bottle:
AUST R 226560

50mg tablet-blister
AUST R 272052

150 mg tablet - blister:
AUST R 226559

250 mg tablet - blister:
AUST R 226558

NUVIGIL is sponsored in Australia by:

Teva Pharma Australia Pty Ltd.
37 Epping Road
Macquarie Park
NSW 2113

This leaflet was revised in February 2020.

NUVIGIL® is a registered trademark of Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.

Published by MIMS April 2020

BRAND INFORMATION

Brand name

Nuvigil

Active ingredient

Armodafinil

Schedule

1 Name of Medicine

Armodafinil.

2 Qualitative and Quantitative Composition

Nuvigil tablets contain 50, 150 or 250 mg of armodafinil.
Nuvigil tablets contain lactose monohydrate.
For the full list of excipients, see Section 6.1 List of Excipients.

3 Pharmaceutical Form

The appearance of Nuvigil tablets are as follows:

50 mg.

Each round, white to off-white tablet is debossed with C on one side and "205" on the other.

150 mg.

Each oval, white to off-white tablet is debossed with C on one side and "215" on the other.

250 mg.

Each oval, white to off-white tablet is debossed with C on one side and "225" on the other.

4 Clinical Particulars

4.1 Therapeutic Indications

Nuvigil is indicated:
to improve wakefulness in patients with excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy;
to treat excessive sleepiness associated with moderate to severe chronic shift work sleep disorder where nonpharmacological interventions are unsuccessful or inappropriate;
as an adjunct to continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) in obstructive sleep apnoea/ hypopnoea syndrome in order to improve wakefulness.

4.2 Dose and Method of Administration

Nuvigil (armodafinil) is for oral administration.
Nuvigil should be used only in patients who have had a complete evaluation of their excessive sleepiness, and in whom a diagnosis of the underlying disorder of narcolepsy, OSAHS, or SWSD has been made in accordance with ICSD or DSM diagnostic criteria. Such an evaluation usually consists of a complete history and physical examination, and it may be supplemented with testing in a laboratory setting. Some patients may have more than one sleep disorder contributing to their excessive sleepiness (e.g. OSAHS and SWSD coincident in the same patient).
Nuvigil may be taken with or without food, however administration with food may delay the onset of action and prolong the effect of the drug (see Section 5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties, Absorption, Effect of food).
To avoid a delayed onset of action Nuvigil should be taken on an empty stomach.
Treatment with Nuvigil should be initiated and supervised by physicians with appropriate experience in the treatment of sleep disorders who have access to sleep laboratory diagnostic facilities.

Narcolepsy.

The recommended dose of Nuvigil for patients with narcolepsy is 150 mg or 250 mg given once daily in the morning.

Obstructive sleep apnoea/ hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS).

In OSAHS, Nuvigil is not indicated as treatment for the underlying obstruction. If continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the treatment of choice for a patient, a maximal effort to treat with CPAP for an adequate period of time should be made prior to initiating Nuvigil for excessive sleepiness. If Nuvigil is used adjunctively with CPAP, the encouragement of and periodic assessment of CPAP compliance is necessary. There was a slight trend for reduced CPAP use over time (mean reduction of 18 minutes for patients treated with Nuvigil and a 6 minute reduction for placebo treated patients from a mean baseline use of 6.9 hours per night) in Nuvigil trials.
The recommended dose of Nuvigil for patients with OSAHS is 150 mg or 250 mg given once daily in the morning. In patients with OSAHS, doses up to 250 mg/day, given as a single dose, have been well tolerated, but there is no consistent evidence that these doses confer additional benefit beyond that of the 150 mg/day dose (see Section 5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties, Clinical trials).

Shift work sleep disorder (SWSD).

The recommended dose of Nuvigil for patients with SWSD is 150 mg given daily approximately 1 hour prior to the start of their work shift.

Dosing in special populations.

The dose of Nuvigil should be reduced in patients with severe hepatic impairment, with or without cirrhosis (see Section 5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties, Special populations). There is a lack of data on dosing instruction for Nuvigil (armodafinil) specific to the degree of liver impairment.
There is inadequate information to determine safety and efficacy of dosing of Nuvigil (armodafinil) in patients with renal impairment, mild, moderate or severe (see Section 5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties, Special populations).
In elderly patients, elimination of armodafinil and its metabolites may be reduced as a consequence of aging. Therefore, consideration should be given to the use of lower doses and close monitoring in this population (see Section 5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties, Special populations).

4.3 Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to modafinil, armodafinil or any other component of the product.
Patients who are pregnant or may become pregnant.

4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use

Armodafinil is a single enantiomer of racemic modafinil. The two enantiomers of modafinil have different pharmacokinetics. The half-life of armodafinil, the (R)-enantiomer, is approximately three times that of the (S)-enantiomer in adult humans. The implications of the pharmacokinetic differences between the drugs on the duration of clinical action remain unelucidated. No evidence of interconversion of the (R) and (S)-enantiomers of modafinil have been observed in vitro or in vivo. Thus, armodafinil and modafinil are not bioequivalent, and therefore are not directly substitutable (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration).

Serious rash, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

Serious rash requiring hospitalization and discontinuation of treatment has been reported in adults in association with the use of Nuvigil (armodafinil) and modafinil (the racemic mixture of (S) and (R)-enantiomers).
Nuvigil has not been studied in paediatric patients in any setting and is not approved for use in paediatric patients for any indication.
In clinical trials of modafinil, the incidence of rash resulting in discontinuation was approximately 0.8% (13 per 1,585) in paediatric patients (age < 17 years); these rashes included 1 case of possible Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and 1 case of apparent multi-organ hypersensitivity reaction. Several of the cases were associated with fever and other abnormalities (e.g. vomiting, leukopenia). The median time to rash that resulted in discontinuation was 13 days. No such cases were observed among 380 paediatric patients who received placebo. No serious skin rashes have been reported in adult clinical trials (0 per 4,264) of modafinil. Rare cases of serious or life threatening rash, including SJS, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN), and Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) have been reported in adults and children in worldwide postmarketing experience. The reporting rate of TEN and SJS associated with modafinil use, which is generally accepted to be an underestimate due to underreporting, exceeds the background incidence rate. Estimates of the background incidence rate for these serious skin reactions in the general population range between 1 to 2 cases per million person years.
Cases of serious rash similar to those observed with modafinil including skin and mouth blistering have been reported in adults in postmarketing experience with Nuvigil.
There are no factors that are known to predict the risk of occurrence or the severity of rash associated with armodafinil or modafinil. Nearly all cases of serious rash associated with these drugs occurred within 1 to 5 weeks after treatment initiation. However, isolated cases have been reported after prolonged treatment (e.g. 3 months). Accordingly, duration of therapy cannot be relied upon as a means to predict the potential risk heralded by the first appearance of a rash.
Although benign rashes also occur with Nuvigil, it is not possible to reliably predict which rashes will prove to be serious. Accordingly, Nuvigil should be discontinued at the first sign of rash, unless the rash is clearly not drug related. Discontinuation of treatment may not prevent a rash from becoming life threatening or permanently disabling or disfiguring.

Angioedema and anaphylactoid reactions.

Angioedema and hypersensitivity (with rash, dysphagia, and bronchospasm), were observed with Nuvigil. Patients should be advised to discontinue therapy and immediately report to their physician any signs or symptoms suggesting angioedema or anaphylaxis (e.g. swelling of face, eyes, lips, tongue or larynx; difficulty in swallowing or breathing; hoarseness).

Multiorgan hypersensitivity reactions.

Multiorgan hypersensitivity reactions, including at least one fatality in postmarketing experience, have occurred in close temporal association (median time to detection 13 days: range 4-33) to the initiation of modafinil. A similar risk of multiorgan hypersensitivity reactions with armodafinil cannot be ruled out.
Although there have been a limited number of reports, multiorgan hypersensitivity reactions may result in hospitalization or be life threatening. There are no factors that are known to predict the risk of occurrence or the severity of multiorgan hypersensitivity reactions. Signs and symptoms of this disorder were diverse; however, patients typically, although not exclusively, presented with fever and rash associated with other organ system involvement. Other associated manifestations included myocarditis, hepatitis, liver function test abnormalities, haematological abnormalities (e.g. eosinophilia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia), pruritus, and asthenia. Because multiorgan hypersensitivity is variable in its expression, other organ system symptoms and signs, not noted here, may occur.
If a multiorgan hypersensitivity reaction is suspected, Nuvigil should be discontinued. Although there are no case reports to indicate cross sensitivity with other drugs that produce this syndrome, the experience with drugs associated with multiorgan hypersensitivity would indicate this to be a possibility.

Persistent sleepiness.

Patients with abnormal levels of sleepiness who take Nuvigil should be advised that their level of wakefulness may not return to normal. Patients with excessive sleepiness, including those taking Nuvigil, should be frequently reassessed for their degree of sleepiness and, if appropriate, advised to avoid driving or any other potentially dangerous activity. Prescribers should also be aware that patients may not acknowledge sleepiness or drowsiness until directly questioned about drowsiness or sleepiness during specific activities.

Psychiatric symptoms.

In preapproval narcolepsy, OSAHS and SWSD controlled trials of Nuvigil, anxiety, agitation, nervousness, and irritability were reasons for treatment discontinuation more often in patients on Nuvigil compared to placebo (Nuvigil 1.2% and placebo 0.3%). Depression was also a reason for treatment discontinuation more often in patients on Nuvigil compared to placebo (Nuvigil 0.6% and placebo 0.2%). Cases of suicide ideation were observed in clinical trials.
Caution should be exercised when Nuvigil is given to patients with a history of psychosis, depression, or mania. If psychiatric symptoms develop in association with Nuvigil administration, consider discontinuing Nuvigil.
Psychiatric adverse experiences have been reported in patients treated with modafinil. Modafinil and armodafinil (Nuvigil) are very closely related. Therefore, the incidence and type of psychiatric symptoms associated with Nuvigil are expected to be similar to the incidence and type of these events with modafinil.
Postmarketing adverse events associated with the use of modafinil have included mania, delusions, hallucinations, suicidal ideation and aggression, some resulting in hospitalization. Many, but not all, patients had a prior psychiatric history. One healthy male volunteer developed ideas of reference, paranoid delusions, and auditory hallucinations in association with multiple daily 600 mg doses of modafinil and sleep deprivation. There was no evidence of psychosis 36 hours after drug discontinuation.

Cardiovascular system.

Nuvigil has not been evaluated or used to any appreciable extent in patients with a recent history of myocardial infarction or unstable angina, and such patients should be treated with caution.
In clinical studies of modafinil, cardiovascular adverse events, including chest pain, palpitations, dyspnoea and transient ischemic T wave changes on ECG were observed in three subjects in association with mitral valve prolapse or left ventricular hypertrophy. It is recommended that Nuvigil tablets not be used in patients with a history of left ventricular hypertrophy or in patients with mitral valve prolapse who have experienced the mitral valve prolapse syndrome when previously receiving CNS stimulants. Findings suggestive of mitral valve prolapse syndrome include, but are not limited to, ischemic ECG changes, chest pain, or arrhythmia. If new onset of any of these symptoms occurs, consider cardiac evaluation.
Blood pressure monitoring in short-term (≤ 3 months) preapproval controlled trials of OSAHS, SWSD, and narcolepsy showed small average increases in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients receiving Nuvigil as compared to placebo (1.2 to 4.3 mmHg in the various experimental groups). There was also a slightly greater proportion of patients on Nuvigil requiring new or increased use of antihypertensive medications (2.9%) compared to patients on placebo (1.8%). There was a small, but consistent, average increase in pulse rate over placebo in preapproval controlled trials. This increase varied from 0.9 to 3.5 BPM. Increased monitoring of heart rate and blood pressure may be appropriate in patients on Nuvigil. Caution should be exercised when prescribing Nuvigil to patients with known cardiovascular disease.

Patients (women) using contraception.

Based on postmarketing reports, armodafinil may cause fetal harm and is contraindicated in women who are pregnant or may become pregnant (see Section 4.3 Contraindications; Section 4.6 Fertility, Pregnancy and Lactation). Females of reproductive potential should have a negative pregnancy test within a week prior to starting treatment with armodafinil.
Sexually active women of childbearing potential should be established on a contraceptive program before taking Nuvigil.
The effectiveness of steroidal contraceptives (including the contraceptive pill, implants, injectables and hormone releasing intrauterine devices (IUDs)) may be reduced when used with Nuvigil and for two months after discontinuation of therapy (see Section 4.5 Interactions with Other Medicines and Other Forms of Interactions). Alternative or concomitant methods of contraception are recommended for patients taking steroidal contraceptives when treated concomitantly with Nuvigil and for two months after discontinuation of Nuvigil treatment.

Abuse and dependence potential.

Although the abuse potential of armodafinil has not been specifically studied, its abuse potential is likely to be similar to that of modafinil.
In humans, modafinil produces psychoactive and euphoric effects, alterations in mood, perception, thinking and feelings typical of other CNS stimulants. In in vitro binding studies, modafinil binds to the dopamine reuptake site and causes an increase in extracellular dopamine, but no increase in dopamine release. Modafinil is reinforcing, as evidenced by its self administration in monkeys previously trained to self administer cocaine. In some studies, modafinil was also partially discriminated as stimulant-like. Physicians should follow patients closely, especially those with a history of drug and/or stimulant (e.g. methylphenidate, amphetamine, or cocaine) abuse. Patients should be observed for signs of misuse or abuse (e.g. incrementation of doses or drug seeking behaviour).
The abuse potential of modafinil (200, 400, and 800 mg) was assessed relative to methylphenidate (45 and 90 mg) in an inpatient study in individuals experienced with drugs of abuse. Results from this clinical study demonstrated that modafinil produced psychoactive and euphoric effects and feelings consistent with other scheduled CNS stimulants (methylphenidate).

Use in hepatic impairment.

The dose of Nuvigil should be reduced in patients with severe hepatic impairment, with or without cirrhosis (see Section 5 Pharmacological Properties; Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration). There is a lack of data on dosing instruction for Nuvigil (armodafinil) specific to the degree of liver impairment.

Use in renal impairment.

There is inadequate information to determine safety and efficacy of Nuvigil (armodafinil) dosing in patients with renal impairment, mild, moderate or severe (see Section 5 Pharmacological Properties; Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration).

Use in the elderly.

In elderly patients, elimination of armodafinil and its metabolites may be reduced as a consequence of aging. Therefore, consideration should be given to the use of lower doses and close monitoring in this population (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration).

Paediatric use.

There is a lack of either safety or efficacy data for use in paediatric populations (see Serious rash, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome). Serious rash has been seen in paediatric patients receiving modafinil.

Effect on laboratory tests.

Clinical chemistry, haematology, and urinalysis parameters were monitored in the studies. Mean plasma levels of gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were found to be higher following administration of Nuvigil, but not placebo. Few subjects, however, had GGT or AP elevations outside of the normal range. No differences were apparent in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein, albumin, or total bilirubin, although there were rare cases of isolated elevations of AST and/or ALT. A single case of mild pancytopenia was observed after 35 days of treatment and resolved with drug discontinuation. A small mean decrease from baseline in serum uric acid compared to placebo was seen in clinical trials. The clinical significance of this finding is unknown.

4.5 Interactions with Other Medicines and Other Forms of Interactions

In vitro data demonstrated that armodafinil weakly induces CYP1A2 and possibly CYP3A activities in a concentration related manner and that CYP2C19 activity is reversibly inhibited by armodafinil. In vivo, CYP2B6 was induced by armodafinil. Other CYP activities did not appear to be affected by armodafinil. An in vitro study demonstrated that armodafinil is a substrate of P-glycoprotein.

Potential interactions with drugs that inhibit, induce, or are metabolized by cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and other hepatic enzymes.

The existence of multiple pathways for armodafinil metabolism, as well as the fact that a non-CYP related pathway is the most rapid in metabolizing armodafinil, suggest that there is a low probability of substantive effects on the overall pharmacokinetic profile of Nuvigil due to CYP inhibition by concomitant medications. However, due to the partial involvement of CYP3A enzymes in the metabolic elimination of armodafinil, coadministration of potent inducers of CYP3A4/5 (e.g. carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifabutin, rifampin and St. John's wort) or inhibitors of CYP3A4/5 (e.g. protease inhibitors; ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir; clarithromycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, ketoconazole, itraconazole, nefazodone, diltiazem and verapamil) could alter the plasma concentrations of armodafinil.

The potential of Nuvigil to alter the metabolism of other drugs by enzyme induction or inhibition.

Drugs metabolized by CYP3A4/5.

In vitro data demonstrated that the armodafinil metabolite modafinil sulfone, is a weak inducer of CYP3A activity. In a clinical study, concomitant administration of Nuvigil 250 mg resulted in a reduction in systemic exposure to midazolam by 32% after a single oral dose (5 mg) and 17% after a single intravenous dose (2 mg). Therefore, the blood levels and effectiveness of drugs that are substrates for CYP3A enzymes (e.g. steroidal contraceptives, cyclosporine, midazolam, and triazolam) may be reduced after initiation of concomitant treatment with Nuvigil, and dose adjustment may be required.
In a clinical study the concomitant administration of Nuvigil 250 mg with carbamazepine (400 mg/day) resulted in a reduction in the mean systemic exposure of carbamazepine by approximately 25%. Carbamazepine dose adjustment may be required when coadministered with Nuvigil, particularly when starting or stopping coadministration of the two drugs.
In a separate clinical study, concomitant administration of Nuvigil 250 mg with quetiapine (300 mg to 600 mg daily doses) resulted in a reduction in the mean systemic exposure of quetiapine by approximately 29%. No dose adjustment is required.
The blood levels of cyclosporine may be reduced when used with Nuvigil. Monitoring of circulating cyclosporine concentrations and appropriate dosage adjustment for cyclosporine should be considered when these drugs are used concomitantly.

Drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.

In vitro data demonstrated that armodafinil and its metabolite modafinil sulfone are weak inducers of CYP1A2 in a concentration related manner. However, in a clinical study using caffeine as a probe substrate, no significant effect on CYP1A2 activity was observed.

Drugs metabolized by CYP2C19.

In vitro data demonstrated that armodafinil, and more so its metabolite modafinil sulfone, are reversible inhibitors of CYP2C19 activity. In a clinical study, concomitant administration of Nuvigil 400 mg resulted in a 40% increase in exposure to omeprazole after a single oral dose (40 mg), as a result of moderate inhibition of CYP2C19 activity. Therefore, dose reduction may be required for some drugs that are substrates for CYP2C19 (e.g. phenytoin, diazepam, propranolol, omeprazole, esomeprazole, and clomipramine) when used concomitantly with Nuvigil.

Drugs metabolized by CYP2B6.

In vitro data demonstrated that racemic modafinil is a weak inducer of CYP2B6 activity in a concentration related manner.

Interactions with CNS active drugs.

Concomitant administration of Nuvigil with quetiapine reduced the systemic exposure of quetiapine.
Data specific to Nuvigil drug-drug interaction potential with other CNS active drugs are not available. However, the following available drug-drug interaction information on modafinil should be applicable to Nuvigil.
Concomitant administration of modafinil with methylphenidate or dextroamphetamine produced no significant alterations on the pharmacokinetic profile of modafinil or either stimulant, even though the absorption of modafinil was delayed for approximately one hour.
Concomitant modafinil or clomipramine did not alter the pharmacokinetic profile of either drug; however, one incident of increased levels of clomipramine and its active metabolite desmethylclomipramine was reported in a patient with narcolepsy during treatment with modafinil.
Data specific to Nuvigil or modafinil drug-drug interaction potential with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors are not available. Therefore, caution should be used when concomitantly administering MAO inhibitors and Nuvigil.

Interaction with P-glycoprotein.

An in vitro study demonstrated that armodafinil is a substrate, but not inhibitor, of P-glycoprotein. The clinical impact of inhibition of P-glycoprotein on the bioavailability of armodafinil is not known.

Interactions with other drugs.

Data specific to Nuvigil drug-drug interaction potential for additional other drugs are not available. However, the following available drug-drug interaction information on modafinil should be applicable to Nuvigil.
Concomitant administration of modafinil with warfarin did not produce significant changes in the pharmacokinetic profiles of (R) and (S)-warfarin. However, since only a single dose of warfarin was tested in this study, an interaction cannot be ruled out. Therefore, more frequent monitoring of prothrombin times/INR should be considered whenever Nuvigil is coadministered with warfarin.

4.6 Fertility, Pregnancy and Lactation

Effects on fertility.

A fertility and early embryonic development (to implantation) study was not conducted with armodafinil alone.
Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity.
Oral administration of modafinil (doses of up to 480 mg/kg/day) to male and female rats prior to and throughout mating and continuing in females through day 7 of gestation (implantation) had no adverse effect on fertility or reproductive parameters, apart from an increase in time to mate at the highest dose. The no effect dose for effects on fertility of 480 mg/kg/day was associated with a modafinil exposure (plasma AUC) about twice that in humans at the MHRD.
(Category D)
Armodafinil is suspected to cause congenital malformations when administered during pregnancy. There are no adequate and well-controlled trials with Nuvigil in pregnant women. Based on interim data from a pregnancy registry, the rate of major congenital malformations (e.g. cardiac anomalies, microcephaly) with armodafinil/modafinil is approximately 17.3% compared to 3% in the general population. There have also been reports of spontaneous abortion and intrauterine growth restriction in association with armodafinil. Nuvigil should not be used during pregnancy (see Section 4.3 Contraindications; Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use).
Patients should be cautioned regarding the potential increased risk of pregnancy when using steroidal contraceptives (including the contraceptive pill, implants, injectables and hormone releasing intrauterine devices (IUDs)) with Nuvigil and for two months after discontinuation of therapy (see Section 4.5 Interactions with Other Medicines and Other Forms of Interactions).
Modafinil and/or its metabolites cross the placenta in rats, but placental transfer of armodafinil per se has not been studied. In studies of armodafinil [(R)-modafinil] and modafinil [a mixture of (R) and (S)-modafinil] conducted in rats (armodafinil, modafinil) and rabbits (modafinil), developmental toxicity was observed at clinically relevant plasma exposures.
Oral administration of armodafinil (60, 200, or 600 mg/kg/day) to pregnant rats throughout organogenesis resulted in increased incidences of fetal visceral and skeletal variations and decreased fetal body weights at the highest dose. The highest no effect dose for embryofetal developmental toxicity in rat was associated with a plasma armodafinil exposure (AUC) less than that in humans at the MRHD of Nuvigil (250 mg/day).
Similarly, modafinil (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day) administered orally to pregnant rats throughout organogenesis caused, in the absence of maternal toxicity, an increase in resorptions and an increased incidence of visceral and skeletal variations in the offspring at the highest dose tested. The higher no effect dose for embryofetal developmental toxicity in rats (100 mg/kg/day) was associated with a plasma armodafinil AUC less than that in humans at the MRHD of Nuvigil. In a subsequent study of up to 480 mg/kg/day of modafinil, no adverse effects on embryofetal development were observed.
In pregnant rabbits, the incidences of fetal structural alterations and embryofetal death were increased at the highest dose of 180 mg/kg/day modafinil. At the highest no effect dose for developmental toxicity, plasma armodafinil AUC was less than that in humans at the MRHD of Nuvigil.
Modafinil administration to rats throughout gestation and lactation at oral doses of up to 200 mg/kg/day resulted in decreased viability in the offspring at doses greater than 20 mg/kg/day, a dose associated with plasma armodafinil AUC less than that in humans at the MRHD of Nuvigil. No effects on postnatal developmental and neurobehavioral parameters were observed in surviving offspring.
It is not known whether armodafinil or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. Modafinil and/or its metabolites including modafinil sulfone and modafinil acid have been found in the milk of lactating rats.
Infant growth retardation has been reported in association with armodafinil use during breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is not recommended during administration of Nuvigil. Armodafinil should be used during breastfeeding only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk of growth retardation to the infant.

4.7 Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines

Although Nuvigil has not been shown to produce functional impairment, any drug affecting the CNS may alter judgment, thinking or motor skills. Patients should be cautioned about operating an automobile or other hazardous machinery until they are reasonably certain that Nuvigil therapy will not adversely affect their ability to engage in such activities.

4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects)

Reporting suspected adverse effects.

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after registration of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit-risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions at www.tga.gov.au/reporting-problems.

OSAHS, SWSD, and narcolepsy.

Nuvigil has been evaluated for safety in over 1100 patients with excessive sleepiness associated with OSAHS, SWSD and narcolepsy.
In the preapproval controlled clinical trials, the most commonly observed adverse events (≥ 5%) associated with the use of Nuvigil occurring more frequently than in the placebo treated patients were headache, nausea, dizziness, and insomnia. The adverse event profile was similar across the studies.
In the preapproval controlled clinical trials, 44 of the 645 patients (7%) who received Nuvigil discontinued due to an adverse experience compared to 16 of the 445 (4%) of patients that received placebo. The most frequent reason for discontinuation was headache (1%).

Incidence in controlled trials.

The following table (Table 1) presents the adverse experiences that occurred at a rate of 1% or more and were more frequent in patients treated with Nuvigil than in placebo group patients in the preapproval controlled clinical trials.
The prescriber should be aware that the figures provided below cannot be used to predict the frequency of adverse experiences in the course of usual medical practice, where patient characteristics and other factors may differ from those occurring during clinical studies. Similarly, the cited frequencies cannot be directly compared with figures obtained from other clinical investigations involving different treatments, uses, or investigators. Review of these frequencies, however, provides prescribers with a basis to estimate the relative contribution of drug and nondrug factors to the incidence of adverse events in the population studied.

Dose dependency of adverse events.

In the preapproval controlled clinical trials which compared doses of 150 mg/day and 250 mg/day of Nuvigil and placebo, the only adverse events that appeared to be dose related were headache, rash, depression, dry mouth, insomnia, and nausea. See Table 2 for additional information.

Vital sign changes.

Blood pressure monitoring in preapproval controlled trials of OSAHS, SWSD, and narcolepsy showed small average increases in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients receiving Nuvigil as compared to placebo (1.2 to 4.3 mmHg in the various experimental groups). There was also a slightly greater proportion of patients on Nuvigil requiring new or increased use of antihypertensive medications (2.9%) compared to patients on placebo (1.8%). There was a small, but consistent, average increase in pulse rate over placebo in preapproval controlled trials. This increase varied from 0.9 to 3.5 BPM.

Postmarketing experience.

Postmarketing experience for Nuvigil, principally from spontaneous reporting based on reporting rates and not incidence rates, has documented the following adverse events.
Common: 1/100 to < 1/10; uncommon: 1/1,000 to < 1/100; rare: 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000; very rare: < 1/10,000.

Cardiac disorders.

Common: palpitations.
Very rare: supraventricular arrhythmias, myocardial infarction.

General disorders.

Common: fatigue, influenza-like illness, pain, pyrexia, thirst.
Rare: feeling abnormal, irritability.

Immune system disorders.

Common: seasonal allergy.
Very rare: drug hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis.

Nervous system disorders.

Very common: headache.
Common: dizziness, disturbance in attention, migraine, paraesthesia.
Very rare: convulsions.

Psychiatric disorders.

Common: anxiety, depression, agitation, depressed mood, insomnia, nervousness.
Very rare: hallucination, anger, aggression, drug abuse, psychotic disorder, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt.
Not known: mania.

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders.

Very rare: throat tightness, pharyngeal oedema.

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders.

Common: rash, contact dermatitis, hyperhidrosis.
Very rare: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, alopecia.
Not known: Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms.

4.9 Overdose

For information on the management of overdose, contact the Poisons Information Centre on 13 11 26 (Australia).
There were no overdoses reported in the Nuvigil clinical studies. Symptoms of Nuvigil overdose are likely to be similar to those of modafinil. Symptoms of overdose in modafinil clinical trials included excitation or agitation, insomnia, and slight or moderate elevations in hemodynamic parameters.
From postmarketing experience with modafinil, there have been no reports of fatal overdoses involving modafinil alone (doses up to 12 grams). Overdoses involving multiple drugs, including modafinil, have resulted in fatal outcomes. Symptoms most often accompanying modafinil overdose, alone or in combination with other drugs have included: insomnia; central nervous system symptoms such as restlessness, disorientation, confusion, agitation, anxiety, excitation and hallucination; digestive changes such as nausea and diarrhoea; and cardiovascular changes such as tachycardia, bradycardia, hypertension and chest pain.
No specific antidote exists for the toxic effects of a Nuvigil overdose. Such overdoses should be managed with primarily supportive care, including cardiovascular monitoring. There are no data to suggest the utility of dialysis or urinary acidification or alkalinization in enhancing drug elimination.

5 Pharmacological Properties

5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties

Nuvigil (armodafinil) is a wakefulness-promoting agent.

Mechanism of action.

The mechanism(s) through which armodafinil promotes wakefulness is unknown. Armodafinil [(R)-modafinil)] has pharmacological properties similar to those of modafinil [a mixture of (R) and (S)-modafinil] to the extent tested in animal and in vitro studies. The (R) and (S)-enantiomers have similar pharmacological actions in animals.
Armodafinil and modafinil have wake promoting actions similar to sympathomimetic agents including amphetamine and methylphenidate, although their pharmacologic profile is not identical to that of the sympathomimetic amines.
Modafinil induced wakefulness can be attenuated by the α₁-adrenergic receptor antagonist, prazosin; however, modafinil is inactive in other in vitro assay systems known to be responsive to α-adrenergic agonists such as the rat vas deferens preparation.
Armodafinil is an indirect dopamine receptor agonist; both armodafinil and modafinil bind in vitro to the dopamine transporter and inhibit dopamine reuptake. For modafinil, this activity has been associated in vivo with increased extracellular dopamine levels in some brain regions of animals. In genetically engineered mice lacking the dopamine transporter (DAT), modafinil lacked wake promoting activity, suggesting that this activity was DAT dependent. However, the wake promoting effects of modafinil, unlike those of amphetamine, were not antagonized by the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol in rats. In addition, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, a dopamine synthesis inhibitor, blocks the action of amphetamine, but does not block locomotor activity induced by modafinil.
In addition to its wake promoting effects and ability to increase locomotor activity in animals, modafinil produces psychoactive and euphoric effects, alterations in mood, perception, thinking, and feelings typical of other CNS stimulants in humans. Modafinil has reinforcing properties, as evidenced by its self administration in monkeys previously trained to self administer cocaine; modafinil was also partially discriminated as stimulant-like (see Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use, Abuse and dependence potential).
Based on nonclinical studies, two major metabolites, acid and sulfone, of modafinil or armodafinil, do not appear to contribute to the CNS activating properties of the parent compounds.

Clinical trials.

The effectiveness of Nuvigil in improving wakefulness has been established in the following sleep disorders: obstructive sleep apnoea/ hypopnoea (OSAHS), narcolepsy and shift work sleep disorder (SWSD).
For each clinical trial, a p-value of ≤ 0.05 was required for statistical significance.

Obstructive sleep apnoea/ hypopnoea (OSAHS).

The effectiveness of Nuvigil in improving wakefulness in patients with excessive sleepiness associated with OSAHS was established in two 12 week, multicentre, placebo controlled, parallel group, double blind studies of outpatients who met the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) criteria for OSAHS (which are also consistent with the American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV-TR criteria). These criteria include either:
excessive sleepiness or insomnia, plus frequent episodes of impaired breathing during sleep, and associated features such as loud snoring, morning headaches or dry mouth upon awakening; or
excessive sleepiness or insomnia; and polysomnography demonstrating one of the following: more than five obstructive apnoeas, each greater than 10 seconds in duration, per hour of sleep; and one or more of the following: frequent arousals from sleep associated with the apnoeas, bradytachycardia, or arterial oxygen desaturation in association with the apnoeas.
In addition, for entry into these studies, all patients were required to have excessive sleepiness as demonstrated by a score ≥ 10 on the Epworth sleepiness scale, despite treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Evidence that CPAP was effective in reducing episodes of apnoea/ hypopnoea was required along with documentation of CPAP use.
Patients were required to be compliant with CPAP, defined as CPAP use ≥ 4 hours/ night on ≥ 70% of nights. CPAP use continued throughout the study. In both studies, the primary measures of effectiveness were 1) sleep latency, as assessed by the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) and 2) the change in the patient's overall disease status, as measured by the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) at the final visit. For a successful trial both measures had to show statistically significant improvement.
The MWT measures latency (in minutes) to sleep onset. An extended MWT was performed with test sessions at 2 hour intervals between 9 AM and 7 PM. The primary analysis was the average of the sleep latencies from the first four test sessions (9 AM to 3 PM). For each test session, the subject was asked to attempt to remain awake without using extraordinary measures. Each test session was terminated after 30 minutes if no sleep occurred or immediately after sleep onset. The CGI-C is a 7 point scale, centered at no change, and ranging from very much worse to very much improved. Evaluators were not given any specific guidance about the criteria they were to apply when rating patients.
In the first study 3021, a total of 395 patients with OSAHS were randomized to receive Nuvigil 150 mg/day, Nuvigil 250 mg/day or matching placebo. Patients treated with Nuvigil showed a statistically significant improvement in the ability to remain awake compared to placebo treated patients as measured by the MWT at final visit. A statistically significant greater number of patients treated with Nuvigil showed improvement in overall clinical condition as rated by the CGI-C scale at final visit. The average sleep latencies (in minutes) in the MWT at baseline for the trials are shown in Table 3, along with the average change from baseline on the MWT at final visit. The percentages of patients who showed any degree of improvement on the CGI-C in the clinical trials are shown in Table 4. The two doses of Nuvigil produced statistically significant effects of similar magnitudes on the MWT, and also on the CGI-C.
In the second study 3025, 263 patients with OSAHS were randomized to either Nuvigil 150 mg/day or placebo. Patients treated with Nuvigil showed a statistically significant improvement in the ability to remain awake compared to placebo treated patients as measured by the MWT (Table 3). A statistically significant greater number of patients treated with Nuvigil showed improvement in overall clinical condition as rated by the CGI-C scale (Table 4).
Night time sleep measured with polysomnography was not affected by the use of Nuvigil in either study.

Narcolepsy.

The effectiveness of Nuvigil in improving wakefulness in patients with excessive sleepiness (ES) associated with narcolepsy was established in one 12 week, multicentre, placebo controlled, parallel group, double blind study of outpatients who met the ICSD criteria for narcolepsy. A total of 196 patients were randomized to receive Nuvigil 150 or 250 mg/day, or matching placebo. The ICSD criteria for narcolepsy include either:
recurrent daytime naps or lapses into sleep that occur almost daily for at least three months, plus sudden bilateral loss of postural muscle tone in association with intense emotion (cataplexy); or
a complaint of excessive sleepiness or sudden muscle weakness with associated features: sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, automatic behaviours, disrupted major sleep episode; and polysomnography demonstrating one of the following: sleep latency less than 10 minutes or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency less than 20 minutes and a Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) that demonstrates a mean sleep latency of less than 5 minutes and two or more sleep onset REM periods and no medical or mental disorder accounts for the symptoms.
For entry into the study, all patients were required to have objectively documented excessive daytime sleepiness, via MSLT with a sleep latency of 6 minutes or less and the absence of any other clinically significant active medical or psychiatric disorder. The MSLT, an objective polysomnographic assessment of the patient's ability to fall asleep in an unstimulating environment, measured latency (in minutes) to sleep onset averaged over 4 test sessions at 2 hour intervals. For each test session, the subject was told to lie quietly and attempt to sleep. Each test session was terminated after 20 minutes if no sleep occurred or immediately after sleep onset.
The primary measures of effectiveness were: 1) sleep latency as assessed by the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) and 2) the change in the patient's overall disease status, as measured by the CGI-C at the final visit. Each MWT test session was terminated after 20 minutes if no sleep occurred or immediately after onset in this study.
Patients treated with Nuvigil showed a statistically significantly enhanced ability to remain awake on the MWT at each dose compared to placebo at final visit (see Table 3). A statistically significant greater number of patients treated with Nuvigil at each dose showed improvement in overall clinical condition as rated by the CGI-C scale at final visit (Table 4).
The two doses of Nuvigil produced statistically significant effects of similar magnitudes on the CGI-C. Although a statistically significant effect on the MWT was observed for each dose, the magnitude of effect was observed to be greater for the higher dose.
Night time sleep measured with polysomnography was not affected by the use of Nuvigil.

Shift work sleep disorder (SWSD).

The effectiveness of Nuvigil in improving wakefulness in patients with excessive sleepiness associated with SWSD was demonstrated in a 12 week, multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group, clinical trial. A total of 254 patients with chronic SWSD were randomized to receive Nuvigil 150 mg/day or placebo. All patients met the ICSD criteria for chronic SWSD (which are consistent with the American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV-TR criteria for Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder: Shift Work Type). These criteria include: 1) either, a) a primary complaint of excessive sleepiness or insomnia which is temporally associated with a work period (usually night work) that occurs during the habitual sleep phase, or b) polysomnography and the MSLT demonstrate loss of a normal sleep wake pattern (i.e. disturbed chronobiological rhythmicity); and 2) no other medical or mental disorder accounts for the symptoms; and 3) the symptoms do not meet criteria for any other sleep disorder producing insomnia or excessive sleepiness (e.g. time zone change (jet lag) syndrome).
It should be noted that not all patients with a complaint of sleepiness who are also engaged in shift work meet the criteria for the diagnosis of SWSD. In the clinical trial, only patients who were symptomatic for at least 3 months were enrolled.
Enrolled patients were also required to work a minimum of 5 night shifts per month, have excessive sleepiness at the time of their night shifts (MSLT score ≤ 6 minutes), and have daytime insomnia documented by a daytime polysomnogram (PSG).
The primary measures of effectiveness were 1) sleep latency, as assessed by the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) performed during a simulated night shift at the final visit, and 2) the change in the patient's overall disease status, as measured by the CGI-C at the final visit.
Patients treated with Nuvigil showed a statistically significant prolongation in the time to sleep onset compared to placebo treated patients, as measured by the night time MSLT at final visit (see Table 3). A statistically significant greater number of patients treated with Nuvigil showed improvement in overall clinical condition as rated by the CGI-C scale at final visit (see Table 4).
Daytime sleep measured with polysomnography was not affected by the use of Nuvigil.

5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties

Armodafinil exhibits linear time independent kinetics following single and multiple oral dose administration. Increase in systemic exposure is proportional over the dose range of 50 to 400 mg. No time dependent change in kinetics was observed through 12 weeks of dosing. Apparent steady state for armodafinil was reached within 7 days of dosing. At steady state, the systemic exposure for armodafinil is 1.8 times the exposure observed after a single dose. The concentration time profiles of the (R)-enantiomer following administration of a single dose of 50 mg Nuvigil or 100 mg Modavigil (modafinil, a 1:1 mixture of (R) and (S)-enantiomers) are nearly superimposable. However, the C_max and AUC_0-∞, of armodafinil at steady state were approximately 37% and 70% higher, respectively, following administration of 200 mg Nuvigil than the corresponding values of modafinil following administration of 200 mg modafinil due to the more rapid clearance of the (S)-enantiomer (elimination half-life approximately 4 hours) as compared to the (R)-enantiomer.

Absorption.

Nuvigil is readily absorbed after oral administration. The absolute oral bioavailability was not determined due to the aqueous insolubility of armodafinil, which precluded intravenous administration.

Effect of food.

Food effect on oral bioavailability of Nuvigil is considered minimal; however, time to reach peak concentration (T_max) may be delayed by approximately 2-4 hours in the fed state. Since the delay in T_max is also associated with elevated plasma concentrations later in time, food can potentially effect the onset and time course of pharmacologic action for Nuvigil.

Distribution.

Nuvigil has an apparent volume of distribution of approximately 42 L. Data specific to armodafinil protein binding are not available. However, modafinil is moderately bound to plasma protein (approximately 60%), mainly to albumin. The potential for interactions of Nuvigil with highly protein bound drugs is considered to be minimal.

Metabolism.

In vitro and in vivo data show that armodafinil undergoes hydrolytic deamidation, S-oxidation, and aromatic ring hydroxylation, with subsequent glucuronide conjugation of the hydroxylated products. Amide hydrolysis is the single most prominent metabolic pathway, with sulfone formation by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4/5 being next in importance. The other oxidative products are formed too slowly in vitro to enable identification of the enzyme(s) responsible. Only two metabolites reach appreciable concentrations in plasma (i.e. (R)-modafinil acid and modafinil sulfone).
Data specific to Nuvigil disposition are not available. However, modafinil is mainly eliminated via metabolism, predominantly in the liver, with less than 10% of the parent compound excreted in the urine. A total of 81% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in 11 days postdose, predominantly in the urine (80% vs. 1.0% in the faeces).

Excretion.

After oral administration of Nuvigil, armodafinil exhibits an apparent monoexponential decline from the peak plasma concentration. The apparent terminal t½ is approximately 15 hours. The oral clearance of Nuvigil is approximately 33 mL/min.

Special populations.

Children.

The pharmacokinetics of armodafinil have not been studied in children.

Age.

In a clinical study, systemic exposure of armodafinil was approximately 15% higher in elderly subjects (≥ 65 years of age, N = 24), corresponding to approximately 12% lower oral clearance (CL/F), as compared to young subjects (18-45 years of age, N = 25). Systemic exposure of armodafinil acid (metabolite) was approximately 61% and 73% greater for C_max and AUC_0-τ, respectively, compared to young subjects. Systemic exposure of the sulfone metabolite was approximately 20% lower for elderly subjects compared with young subjects. A subgroup analysis of elderly subjects demonstrated elderly subjects ≥ 75 and 65-74 years of age had approximately 21% and 9% lower oral clearance, respectively, compared to young subjects. Systemic exposure was approximately 10% greater in subjects 65-74 years of age (N = 17) and 27% greater in subjects ≥ 75 years of age (N = 7), respectively, when compared to young subjects. The change is considered not likely to be clinically significant for elderly patients, however, because some elderly patients have greater exposure to armodafinil, consideration should be given to the use of lower doses.

Gender.

Population pharmacokinetic analysis suggests no gender effect on the pharmacokinetics of armodafinil.

Race.

The influence of race on the pharmacokinetics of armodafinil has not been studied.

Renal impairment.

In a single dose 200 mg modafinil study, severe chronic renal failure (creatinine clearance ≤ 20 mL/min) did not significantly influence the pharmacokinetics of modafinil, but exposure to modafinil acid (metabolite) was increased 9-fold. There is inadequate information to determine safety and efficacy of Nuvigil (armodafinil) dosing in patients with renal impairment, mild, moderate or severe.

Hepatic impairment.

The oral clearance of modafinil was decreased by about 60% in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (Child-Pugh class B or C) and the steady-state concentration was doubled compared to normal patients. Therefore, the dose of Nuvigil should be reduced in patients with severe hepatic impairment (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration; Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use). There is a lack of data on dosing information for Nuvigil (armodafinil) specific to the degree of liver impairment.

5.3 Preclinical Safety Data

Genotoxicity.

Armodafinil was negative in an in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay and in an in vitro chromosomal aberration assay in human lymphocytes. Modafinil was negative in a series of in vitro (i.e. bacterial reverse mutation, mouse lymphoma tk, chromosomal aberration in human lymphocytes, cell transformation in BALB/3T3 mouse embryo cells) and in vivo (mouse bone marrow micronucleus) assays. These studies indicate that armodafinil has a low genotoxic potential.

Carcinogenicity.

An oral carcinogenicity study conducted for 94-101 weeks in mice found no evidence of tumour development or neoplastic change in mice that received up to 300 mg/kg/day armodafinil in males, or up to 100 mg/kg/day in females. At the highest dose in mice the plasma armodafinil exposure (AUC) was similar in males (1.3 x) and less in females (0.5 x) than that in humans at the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of Nuvigil. Similarly, a carcinogenicity study which administered modafinil (a mixture of (R) and (S)-modafinil) to rats by the dietary route for 104 weeks at oral doses of 6, 30 and 60 mg/kg/day found no evidence of tumorigenesis associated with modafinil administration. However, minimal toxicity was observed in the high dose group. These results indicate that the exposure of armodafinil or modafinil was insufficient to adequately assess carcinogenic potential.

6 Pharmaceutical Particulars

6.1 List of Excipients

Nuvigil tablets contain the following inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, and pregelatinised maize starch.

6.2 Incompatibilities

Incompatibilities were either not assessed or not identified as part of the registration of this medicine.

6.3 Shelf Life

In Australia, information on the shelf life can be found on the public summary of the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG). The expiry date can be found on the packaging.

6.4 Special Precautions for Storage

Store below 25°C.
Protect from light.
Protect from moisture.