Consumer medicine information

Ramipril AN Tablets

Ramipril

BRAND INFORMATION

Brand name

Ramipril AN Tablets

Active ingredient

Ramipril

Schedule

S4

 

Consumer medicine information (CMI) leaflet

Please read this leaflet carefully before you start using Ramipril AN Tablets.

What is in this leaflet

This leaflet answers some common questions about Ramipril AN.

It does not contain all the available information. It does not take the place of talking to your doctor or, pharmacist.

All medicines have risks and benefits. Your doctor has weighed the risks of you taking Ramipril AN against the benefits it is expected to have for you.

If you have any concerns about taking this medicine, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

Keep this leaflet with the medicine.

You may need to read it again

What Ramipril AN is used for

Ramipril AN belongs to a group of medicines called angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.

Ramipril AN is used to treat:

  • high blood pressure (hypertension)
  • some heart conditions such as heart failure after a heart attack
  • kidney problems in some patients

Ramipril AN is also used to reduce the risk of cardiovascular problems and complications in patients aged 55 years or more with heart or blood vessel disease, or diabetes.

Hypertension
Ramipril AN is used to lower high blood pressure (hypertension). Everyone has blood pressure. This pressure helps get your blood all around your body. Your blood pressure may be different at different times of the day and can be influenced by how busy or worried you are. You have hypertension when your blood pressure stays higher than is needed, even when you are calm and relaxed.

There are usually no symptoms of hypertension. The only way of knowing that you have hypertension is to have your blood pressure checked on a regular basis. If high blood pressure is not treated it can lead to serious health problems, including stroke, heart disease and kidney failure.

Heart Failure after a Heart Attack
Ramipril AN may be used after a heart attack. A heart attack occurs when one of the major blood vessels supplying blood to your heart becomes blocked. This means that your heart muscle cannot receive the oxygen it needs and becomes damaged. This may lead to further problems, such as heart failure, irregular heart rhythms and blood clots.

Heart failure means that the heart muscle is weak and cannot pump blood strongly enough to supply all the blood needed throughout the body. Heart failure is not the same as heart attack and does not mean that the heart stops. Heart failure may start off with no symptoms, but as the condition progresses, patients may feel short of breath or may get tired easily after light physical activity such as walking. Some patients may wake up short of breath at night. Fluid may collect in different parts of the body, often first noticed as swollen ankles and feet.

Kidney Problems
Ramipril AN may be used to treat some kidney problems. Some conditions such as diabetes and hypertension can lead to kidney problems. These problems develop slowly over several years. Good control of your blood sugar and blood pressure are important in keeping your kidneys healthy, but may not always prevent kidney damage from occurring.

Prevention of Cardiovascular Problems and Complications
Ramipril AN may be used to reduce the risk of some of the problems and complications that may arise in patients aged 55 or more who have problems such as coronary artery disease (heart disease caused by poor blood flow in the blood vessels of the heart), peripheral vascular disease (poor circulation in the hands or feet), or stroke.

Ramipril AN may also be used to reduce the risk of cardiovascular problems and complications in patients with diabetes aged 55 years or more who may be considered at risk because of one or more additional factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, kidney problems, a current smoker, or previous disease of the blood vessels.

How Ramipril AN works

Ramipril AN works by widening the blood vessels, which reduces the pressure in the vessels, making it easier for your heart to pump blood around your body. This helps increase the supply of oxygen to your heart, so that when you place extra demands on your heart, such as during exercise, your heart may cope better and you may not get short of breath as easily.

By increasing the supply of oxygen to your heart, your heart does not have to work as hard and it is under less stress, which may reduce the risk of further damage occurring to it following a heart attack.

Ramipril AN also improves blood flow through the small blood vessels found in the kidneys, which helps the kidneys to work more efficiently. This in turn progression of kidney damage that might result from having diabetes or high blood pressure.

Therefore, there are quite a few reasons why your doctor might have decided to treat you with Ramipril AN. Your doctor may have also prescribed this medicine for another reason.

Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions about why Ramipril AN has been prescribed for you.

Ramipril AN is not addictive.

Ramipril AN is available only with a doctor's prescription.

Before you take Ramipril AN

When you must not take it

Do not take Ramipril AN if you:

  • have had an allergy to Ramipril AN or any other medicine containing ramipril, or any of the ingredients listed at the end of this leaflet.
    Symptoms of an allergic reaction may include skin rash, itchiness, shortness of breath, swelling of the face, lips or tongue, abdominal pain, muscle pain or tenderness, or joint pain.
  • have taken any other "ACE inhibitor" medicine before, which caused your face, lips, tongue, throat, hands or feet to swell up, or made it hard for you to breathe.
    If you have had an allergic reaction to an ACE inhibitor before, you may be allergic to Ramipril AN
  • or your family have a history of swelling of the face, lips, tongue, throat, intestines, hands or feet, for no apparent reason.
  • have kidney problems or a condition called "renal artery stenosis".
  • have problems or conditions affecting the flow of blood in and out of your heart (e.g. aortic or valvular stenosis).
  • have low blood pressure.
  • undergo dialysis using certain high-flux membranes.
  • are diabetic or have kidney problems and are being treated with aliskiren-containing medications or a group of medicines known as AIIRAs (a medication also used to treat high blood pressure).
  • are pregnant or intend to become pregnant.
    Ramipril AN may affect your developing baby if you take it during pregnancy.
  • are breastfeeding.
    Ramipril AN may pass into the breast milk and affect your breastfed baby.

Do not use Ramipril AN after the expiry date (EXP) printed on the pack.

If you take this medicine after the expiry date has passed, it may not work as well.

Do not use Ramipril AN if the packaging is torn or shows signs of tampering.

Before you start to take it

Tell your doctor if you have allergies to:

  • any other medicines
  • any other substances, such as foods, preservatives or dyes

Tell your doctor if you have or have had any medical conditions, especially the following:

  • kidney problems, or are having dialysis (note that your doctor may give you Ramipril AN because of your kidney problems)
  • liver problems
  • heart problems (note that your doctor may give you Ramipril AN because of your heart problems)
  • low blood pressure, which you may notice as dizziness or lightheadedness
  • low white blood cell counts
  • diabetes (note that your doctor may give you Ramipril AN because of your diabetes)
  • high levels of potassium in your blood
  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma or other autoimmune conditions

Tell your doctor if you have a family history of swelling of the face, lips, tongue, throat, intestines, hands or feet.

You must also tell your doctor if you:

  • are following a very low or very high salt diet
  • are dehydrated, or have had a recent bout of vomiting or diarrhoea
  • are about to have surgery or a general anaesthetic
  • plan to become pregnant or breastfeed

If you have not told your doctor about any of the above, tell them before you start taking Ramipril AN.

Taking other medicines

Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking any other medicines, including any that you buy without a prescription from your pharmacy, supermarket or health food store.

Some medicines and Ramipril AN may interfere with each other. These include:

  • other medicines used to treat high blood pressure, including those containing the active ingredient aliskiren
  • diuretics, also known as fluid or water tablets
  • lithium, a medicine used to treat mood swings and some types of depression
  • potassium supplements or potassium-containing salt substitutes
  • non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), medicines used to relieve pain, swelling and other symptoms of inflammation
  • insulin and tablets used to treat diabetes
  • heparin
  • general anaesthetics
  • medicines which may affect the blood cells, such as allopurinol, procainamide, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or medicines used to treat cancer
  • temsirolimus
  • if you are taking Ramipril AN for high blood pressure, do not take any medicines (including the ones bought without a prescription) for appetite control, asthma, colds, coughs, hayfever or sinus problems unless you have discussed it with your doctor or pharmacist.

These medicines may be affected by Ramipril AN, or may affect how well it works. You may need to use different amounts of your medicine, or you may need to take different medicines. Your doctor or pharmacist will advise you.

Your doctor or pharmacist may have more information on medicines to be careful with or to avoid while taking Ramipril AN.

How to take Ramipril AN

How much to take

Your doctor or pharmacist will tell you how many tablets you will need to take each day. This depends on your condition and whether or not you are taking any other medicines.

Take Ramipril AN only when prescribed by your doctor.

Your doctor will select a dose when they prescribe Ramipril AN for you. Some patients may need a lower starting dose. The usual dose of Ramipril AN is:

  • for high blood pressure, 2.5 mg to 10 mg per day.
  • for heart failure, 5 mg to 10 mg per day.
  • for kidney problems, 1.25 mg to 5 mg per day.
  • for cardiovascular risk, 2.5 mg to 10 mg per day.

Depending on your response, your doctor may adjust the dose.

Follow all directions given to you by your doctor or pharmacist carefully.

They may differ from the information contained in this leaflet.

If you do not understand the instructions on the box, ask your doctor or pharmacist for help.

How to take it

Ramipril AN should be swallowed whole with plenty of fluid.

When to take it

Take Ramipril AN at about the same time each day.

Taking your tablets at the same time each day will have the best effect. It will also help you remember when to take your medicine.

It does not matter if you take Ramipril AN before or after food.

How long to take it

Ramipril AN helps control your condition, but does not cure it. Therefore you must take Ramipril AN every day. Continue taking your medicine for as long as your doctor tells you.

If you forget to take it

If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the dose you missed and take your next dose when you are meant to.

Otherwise, take it as soon as you remember, and then go back to taking your medicine as you would normally.

Do not take a double dose to make up for the dose that you missed.

If you are not sure what to do or if you have trouble remembering when to take Ramipril AN, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

If you take too much (Overdose)

Immediately telephone your doctor or the Poisons Information Centre (in Australia telephone 13 11 26), or go to Accident and Emergency at the nearest hospital if you think that you or anyone else may have taken too much Ramipril AN. Do this even if there are no signs of discomfort or poisoning.

You may need urgent medical attention.

If you take too much Ramipril AN, you may feel light-headed, dizzy or you may faint. You may also experience slow heart beat.

While you are taking Ramipril AN

Things you must do

Tell all the doctors, dentists and pharmacists who are treating you that you are taking Ramipril AN.

If you are about to be started on any new medicine, tell your doctor and pharmacist that you are taking Ramipril AN.

Make sure you drink enough water during exercise and hot weather when you are taking Ramipril AN, especially if you sweat a lot.

If you do not drink enough water while taking Ramipril AN, you may feel faint, light-headed or sick. This is because your blood pressure is dropping suddenly. If you continue to feel unwell, tell your doctor.

If you have excess vomiting or diarrhoea while taking Ramipril AN, tell your doctor.

You may lose too much water and salt and your blood pressure may drop too much.

If you feel light-headed or dizzy after taking your first dose of Ramipril AN, or when your dose is increased, tell your doctor immediately.

If you plan to have surgery that needs a general anaesthetic, tell your doctor or dentist that you are taking Ramipril AN.

Your blood pressure may drop suddenly.

If you become pregnant or intend to become pregnant while taking Ramipril AN, tell your doctor immediately.

If you are about to have any blood tests, tell your doctor that you are taking Ramipril AN.

Ramipril AN may interfere with the results of some tests.

Have your blood pressure checked when your doctor says, to make sure Ramipril AN is working.

Go to your doctor regularly for a check-up.

Your doctor may occasionally do a blood test to check your potassium levels and see how your kidneys are working.

Things you must not do

Do not give Ramipril AN to anyone else, even if they have the same condition as you.

Do not take Ramipril AN to treat any other complaints unless your doctor or pharmacist tells you to.

Do not stop taking Ramipril AN, or lower or increase the dosage, without checking with your doctor.

Things to be careful of

If you feel light-headed, dizzy or faint when getting out of bed or standing up, get up slowly.

Standing up slowly, especially when you get up from bed or chairs, will help your body get used to the change in position and blood pressure. If this problem continues or gets worse, talk to your doctor.

Be careful driving or operating machinery until you know how Ramipril AN affects you.

As with other ACE inhibitor medicines, Ramipril AN may cause dizziness, lightheadedness, tiredness or drowsiness in some people. Make sure you know how you react to Ramipril AN before you drive a car, operate machinery, or do anything else that could be dangerous if you are dizzy or light-headed. If this occurs do not drive. If you drink alcohol, dizziness or lightheadedness may be worse.

Things that may help your condition

Some self help measures suggested below may help your condition. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about these measures and for more information.

  • Alcohol - your doctor may advise you to limit your alcohol intake.
  • Diet - eat a healthy low-fat diet which includes plenty of fresh vegetables, fruit, bread, cereals and fish. Also eat less fat and sugar.
  • Exercise - regular exercise helps to reduce blood pressure and helps get the heart fitter, but it is important not to overdo it. Walking is good exercise, but try to find a route that is reasonably flat. Before starting any exercise, ask your doctor about the best kind of programme for you.
  • Salt - your doctor may advise you to watch the amount of salt in your diet. To reduce your salt intake you should avoid using salt in cooking or at the table.
  • Smoking - your doctor may advise you to stop or at least cut down smoking.
  • Weight - your doctor may suggest losing some weight to help lower your blood pressure and help lessen the amount of work your heart has to do. Some people may need a dietician's help to lose weight.

Side effects

Tell your doctor or pharmacist as soon as possible if you do not feel well while you are taking Ramipril AN.

Ramipril AN helps most people, but it may have unwanted side effects in a few people. All medicines can have side effects. Sometimes they are serious, most of the time they are not. You may need medical treatment if you get some of the side effects.

Ask your doctor or pharmacist to answer any questions you may have.

Following is a list of possible side effects. Do not be alarmed by this list. You may not experience any of them.

Tell your doctor if you notice any of the following and they worry you:

  • feeling light-headed, dizzy or faint
  • dry cough
  • headache
  • feeling sick (nausea) or vomiting
  • stomach pain or discomfort
  • diarrhoea
  • indigestion
  • loss of taste or taste disturbances
  • upper respiratory tract infections
  • muscle cramps or spasms
  • aching muscles, muscle tenderness or weakness, not caused by exercise
  • unusual tiredness or weakness, fatigue
  • ringing or buzzing in the ears
  • forgetfulness or confusion

These side effects are usually mild.

Tell your doctor as soon as possible if you notice any of the following:

  • disturbed vision
  • symptoms of sunburn (such as redness, itching, swelling, blistering) which may occur more quickly than normal
  • itchy or raised skin rash, hives or nettlerash
  • signs of anaemia such as tiredness, being short of breath and looking pale
  • yellowing of the skin and/or eyes
  • fast or irregular heart beat
  • shortness of breath or tightness in the chest
  • numbness, tingling and colour change (white, blue then red) in the fingers or toes when exposed to the cold
  • severe upper stomach pain, often with nausea and vomiting
  • frequent infections such as fever, severe chills, sore throat or mouth ulcers
  • passing little or no urine or more urine than is normal for you
  • bleeding or bruising more easily than normal

These may be serious side effects. You may need medical attention. Serious side effects are rare.

If any of the following happen, stop taking Ramipril AN and either tell your doctor immediately or go to Accident and Emergency at your nearest hospital:

  • fainting within a few hours of taking a dose
  • severe dizziness and confusion with visual disturbances and speech problems
  • swelling of the face, lips, mouth, tongue or throat which may cause difficulty in swallowing or breathing
  • pink or red itchy spots on the skin which may blister and progress to form raised, red, pale-centred marks
  • severe blisters and bleeding in the lips, eyes, mouth, nose and genitals
  • chest pain

These are very serious side effects. You may need urgent medical attention or hospitalisation. These side effects are very rare.

Other side effects not listed above may occur in some patients. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you notice anything that is making you feel unwell.

After taking Ramipril AN

Storage

Keep your Ramipril AN tablets in the pack until it is time to take them.

If you take them out of the pack they may not keep well.

Keep Ramipril AN tablets in a cool, dry place where it stays below 25°C.

Do not store Ramipril AN or any other medicine in the bathroom or near a sink. Do not leave it on window sills or in the car.

Heat and dampness can destroy some medicines.

Keep it where children cannot reach it.

A locked cupboard at least one-and-a-half metres above the ground is a good place to store medicines.

Disposal

If your doctor tells you to stop taking Ramipril AN or the expiry date has passed, ask your pharmacist what to do with any medicine that you have left over.

Product description

What Ramipril AN looks like

Ramipril AN is available as tablets containing 1.25, 2.5, 5 & 10 mg of ramipril.

Ramipril AN tablets are supplied in blister packs containing 28, 30 capsules and HDPE bottles containing 30 tablets.

  • Ramipril AN 1.25 mg
    White to off-white colored, flat faced bevel edged round uncoated tablet debossed with “H” and “17” on one side and plain on other side.
    Blister AUST R: 175228
    Bottle AUST R: 175234
  • Ramipril AN 2.5 mg
    Light yellow to yellow colored flat faced bevel edged, round uncoated tablet debossed with “H” and “18”separated by score line on one side and plain on other side.
    Blister AUST R: 175239
    Bottle AUST R: 175219
  • Ramipril AN 5 mg
    Light pink colored mottled, flat faced bevel edged round uncoated tablet debossed with “H” and “19” separated by score line on one side and plain on other side.
    Blister AUST R: 175231
    Bottle AUST R: 175236
  • Ramipril AN 10 mg
    White to off-white colored, flat faced bevel edged round uncoated tablet debossed with “H” and “20”separated by score line on one side and plain on other side.
    Blister AUST R: 175233
    Bottle AUST R: 175225

Ingredients

Active ingredient
Ramipril

Inactive ingredients

  • Pregelatinised maize starch
  • Lactose
  • Sodium bicarbonate
  • Croscarmellose sodium
  • Sodium stearylfumarate
  • Iron oxide yellow (2.5 mg tablets only)
  • Iron oxide red (5 mg tablets only)

Name and Address of the Sponsor

Amneal Pharma Australia Pty Ltd
12 River St, South Yarra
VIC - 3141
Australia

Date of Preparation

July 2014

Doc ID: 93.AN.M.2.0

BRAND INFORMATION

Brand name

Ramipril AN Tablets

Active ingredient

Ramipril

Schedule

S4

 

Name of the medicine

Ramipril.

Excipients.

Pregelatinised maize starch, lactose monohydrate, sodium bicarbonate, croscarmellose sodium and sodium stearylfumarate. The 2.5 mg tablet also contains iron oxide yellow. The 5 mg tablet also contains iron oxide red.

Description

Chemical name: (2S,3aS,6aS)-1-[(S)-2-[[(S)-1- (ethoxycarbonyl)-3- phenylpropyl]amino] propanoyl] octahydrocyclopenta[b]pyrrole-2- carboxylic acid. Molecular formula: C23H32N2O5. MW: 416.5. CAS: 87333-19-5.
Ramipril is a white or almost white, crystalline powder. It is sparingly soluble in water, freely soluble in methanol.
Ramipril is available as tablets containing 1.25 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg & 10 mg of ramipril.
Ramipril AN tablets contains following inactive ingredients: pregelatinised maize starch, lactose monohydrate, sodium bicarbonate, croscarmellose sodium and sodium stearylfumarate. The 2.5 mg tablet also contains iron oxide yellow. The 5 mg tablet also contains iron oxide red.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action.

Ramipril is a prodrug which, after absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, is hydrolysed in the liver to form the active moiety, ramiprilat. Ramipril and ramiprilat inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) which is identical to kininase II. This converting enzyme (ACE) is a peptidyl dipeptidase that catalyses the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor substance, angiotensin II. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex, thus inhibition of ACE results in decreased plasma angiotensin II, which leads to decreased vasopressor activity and to decreased aldosterone secretion. The latter decrease may result in a small increase in serum potassium.
Kininase II is one of the enzymes responsible for the degradation of bradykinin, a potent vasodepressor peptide. The inhibition of kininase II activity by ramipril prevents the degradation of bradykinin thus leading to increased levels of this potent vasodepressor substance. While the mechanism through which ramipril lowers blood pressure is believed to be primarily suppression of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system, ramipril has an antihypertensive effect even in patients with low renin hypertension. Although ramipril was antihypertensive in all races studied, black hypertensive patients (usually a low renin hypertensive population) had a smaller average response to monotherapy than nonblack patients.
The nephroprotective effects of ramipril are in addition to its antihypertensive action. These effects are a result of its beneficial effects on glomerular permeability which reduces protein filtration (an intrinsically toxic biological process) and thus contributes to its antiproteinuria effects.

Pharmacodynamics.

Single doses of ramipril of 2.5-20 mg produce approximately 60-80% inhibition of ACE activity 4 hours after dosing with approximately 40-60% inhibition after 24 hours. Multiple oral doses of ramipril of 2.0 mg or more cause plasma ACE activity to fall by more than 90% 4 hours after dosing, with over 80% inhibition of ACE activity remaining 24 hours after dosing. The more prolonged effect of even small multiple doses presumably reflects saturation of ACE binding sites by ramiprilat and relatively slow release from those sites.

Pharmacokinetics.

Absorption.

Following oral administration of ramipril, peak plasma concentrations of ramipril are reached within one hour. The extent of absorption is at least 50-60% and is not significantly influenced by the presence of food in the GI tract, although the rate of absorption is reduced.
Blood concentrations of ramipril and ramiprilat increase with increased dose, but are not strictly dose proportional. The 24 hour AUC for ramiprilat, however, is dose proportional over the 2.5-20 mg dose range. The absolute bioavailabilities of ramipril and ramiprilat were 28% and 44%, respectively, when 5 mg of oral ramipril was compared with the same dose of ramipril given intravenously.

Distribution.

The serum protein binding of ramipril is about 73% and that of ramiprilat about 56%.

Metabolism.

Cleavage of the ester group (primarily in the liver) converts ramipril to its active diacid metabolite, ramiprilat. Peak plasma concentrations of ramiprilat are reached 2-4 hours after drug intake. Ramipril is almost completely metabolised to ramiprilat, which has about 6 times the ACE inhibitory activity of ramipril, and to the diketopiperazine ester.

Excretion.

After oral administration of ramipril, about 60% of the parent drug and its metabolites are eliminated in the urine, and about 40% is found in the faeces. Less than 2% of the administered dose is recovered in urine as unchanged ramipril.
Plasma concentrations of ramiprilat decline in a triphasic manner (initial rapid decline, apparent elimination phase, terminal elimination phase). The initial rapid decline, which represents distribution of the drug into a large peripheral compartment and subsequent binding to both plasma and tissue ACE and kininase II, has a half-life of 2-4 hours.
Because of its potent binding to and slow dissociation from the enzyme, ramiprilat shows two elimination phases. The apparent elimination phase corresponds to the clearance of free ramiprilat and has a half-life of 9-18 hours. The terminal elimination phase has a prolonged half-life (> 50 hours) and probably represents the binding/ dissociation kinetics of the ramiprilat/ ACE complex. It does not contribute to the accumulation of the drug. After multiple daily doses of ramipril 5-10 mg, the half-life of ramiprilat concentrations within the therapeutic range was 13-17 hours.
After once daily dosing, steady-state plasma concentrations of ramiprilat are reached by the fourth dose. Steady-state concentrations of ramiprilat are somewhat higher than those seen after the first dose of ramipril, especially at low doses (2.5 mg), but the difference is clinically insignificant.

Patients with renal impairment.

The urinary excretion of ramipril, ramiprilat, and their metabolites is reduced in patients with impaired renal function. Compared to normal subjects, patients with creatinine clearance less than 40 mL/min/1.73 m2 had higher peak and trough ramiprilat levels and slightly longer times to peak concentrations (see Dosage and Administration).

Patients with hepatic impairment.

In patients with impaired liver function, the metabolism of ramipril to ramiprilat appears to be slowed, possibly because of diminished activity of hepatic esterases, and plasma ramipril levels in these patients are increased about 3-fold. Peak concentrations of ramiprilat in these patients, however, are not different from those seen in subjects with normal hepatic function, and the effect of a given dose on plasma ACE activity does not vary with hepatic function.

Clinical Trials

Hypertension.

Administration of ramipril to patients with mild to moderate hypertension results in a reduction of both supine and standing blood pressure to about the same extent with no compensatory tachycardia. Symptomatic postural hypotension is infrequent, although it can occur in patients who are salt and/or volume depleted (see Warnings). Use of ramipril in combination with thiazide diuretics gives a blood pressure lowering effect greater than that seen with either agent alone.
In single dose studies, doses of 5-20 mg of ramipril lowered blood pressure within 1-2 hours, with peak reductions achieved 3-6 hours after dosing. The antihypertensive effect of a single dose persisted for 24 hours. In longer-term (4-12 weeks) controlled studies, once daily doses of 2.5-10 mg were similar in their effect, lowering supine or standing systolic and diastolic blood pressures 24 hours after dosing by about 6/4 mmHg more than placebo. In comparisons of peak vs trough effect, the trough effect represented about 50-60% of the peak response.
In most trials, the antihypertensive effect of ramipril increased during the first several weeks of repeated measurements. The antihypertensive effect of ramipril has been shown to continue during long-term therapy for at least 2 years. Abrupt withdrawal of ramipril has not resulted in a rapid increase in blood pressure.
Interaction studies of ramipril and thiazides have been carried out. Limited experience in controlled and uncontrolled trials combining ramipril with a calcium channel blocker, a loop diuretic, or triple therapy (beta-blocker, vasodilator, and a diuretic) indicate no unusual drug-drug interactions. Other ACE inhibitors have had less than additive effects with beta-adrenergic blockers, presumably because both drugs lower blood pressure by inhibiting parts of the renin angiotensin system.

Myocardial infarction.

The efficacy of ramipril has been established in a study of 2000 patients with myocardial infarction who showed clinical signs of heart failure (acute infarct ramipril efficacy). Treatment with ramipril resulted in a significant improvement in survival and clinical outcomes. Over an average follow-up period of 15 months, ramipril reduced all cause mortality by 6% compared to placebo (risk reduction 27%, p = 0.002) and reduced the risk of secondary outcomes including progression to severe/ resistant heart failure, reinfarction, stroke or death (in the absence of any prior validated event) by 19% (p = 0.008). These results are based on intention to treat analysis and are therefore likely to be conservative in terms of potential benefit of ramipril. A subsidiary analysis showed that the benefit of ramipril in terms of survival was evident as early as one month into treatment. The difference in mortality in the two groups at 30 days represented a risk reduction for the ramipril group over placebo of 29% (p = 0.053).

Nondiabetic or diabetic nephropathy.

Nondiabetic nephropathy.

In overt, mostly nondiabetic (13% diabetic subjects included) nephropathy, the pivotal REIN study (Ramipril Efficacy In Nephropathy) (N = 166) has demonstrated statistically significant decreases in the rate of progression of renal insufficiency and the development of endstage renal failure. The populations studied in this placebo controlled trial included normotensive patients, patients with uncontrolled mild to moderate hypertension (DBP > 90 mmHg) and patients with controlled mild to moderate hypertension. For those with uncontrolled hypertension, the target blood pressure was predefined (DBP < 90 mmHg) and, if this was not achieved with study medication (ramipril or placebo) alone, additional antihypertensives were added. The improvements observed are more dramatic with poorer (elevated) baseline proteinuria (≥ 3 g/24 hours) but are also observed at lower baseline proteinuria (> 1 and < 3 g/24 hours). At this level of proteinuria, subgroup analysis in the REIN study indicated that only patients with worse (lower) GFR (< 45 mL/min/1.73 m2) received statistically significant benefits in endstage renal failure. The results of the REIN study are summarised in Table 1.
The improvement in these key endpoints was observed to increase with time, to be maintained long term and to apply to both hypertensive and nonhypertensive patients. A delay of approximately three months was seen prior to detection of the beneficial effects of ramipril, suggesting the value of early treatment.

Diabetic nephropathy.

Studies in overt diabetic nephropathy, particularly the ACE II (angiotensin converting enzyme II study) have demonstrated that both low and high dose ramipril therapy can retard proteinuria and maintain renal health (maintain GFR, creatinine levels and creatinine clearance). The ACE II study, which was an open label follow-up to the ACE I study with captopril, investigated the effect of intensive (target MAP ≤ 92 mmHg; N = 63) versus moderate (target MAP ≥ 100 to ≤ 107 mmHg; N = 66) blood pressure control with ramipril on renal function. While the study observed no significant differences between these moderate and intensive BP control groups, there was no observed deterioration of renal function in this high risk population throughout the two year study (no statistically significant change in serum creatinine or creatinine and a significant improvement in proteinuria). The trial therefore demonstrates the benefit of ramipril in maintaining the renal health of diabetic patients. These results are presented in Table 2.

Patients with an increased cardiovascular risk.

The placebo controlled HOPE study with once daily ramipril was conducted in patients with an increased cardiovascular risk attributable to either vascular diseases (such as manifest coronary heart disease, a history of stroke, or a history of peripheral vascular disease) or to diabetes mellitus plus at least one additional risk factor (such as microalbuminuria, hypertension, elevated total cholesterol levels, low high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels or smoking). Importantly, patient exclusion criteria included MI/ stroke within 4 weeks of the start of the study, heart failure or low ejection fraction (< 0.40). Ramipril was administered adjunctive to standard therapy (e.g. in addition to aspirin, cholesterol lowering agents, other antihypertensives, oral antidiabetic agents) and on a preventative basis to over 9,200 such patients. Patients were initiated on ramipril 2.5 mg for one week which was then titrated firstly to ramipril 5 mg for three weeks and then to ramipril 10 mg. The results of the HOPE study in terms of the primary composite endpoint and its components (CV death, MI or stroke) for the whole population (ITT: intention to treat) and for those patients with diabetes are presented in Table 3.
The results of the HOPE study in terms of the prespecified secondary endpoints for the whole population (ITT: intention to treat) are presented in Table 4.
The results of the HOPE study in terms of the prespecified secondary endpoints for those patients with diabetes are presented in Table 5.

Indications

Treatment of hypertension. Data are currently not available to support the use of ramipril in renovascular hypertension.
Post-MI heart failure.
Prevention of progressive renal failure in patients with persistent proteinuria in excess of 1 g/day.
For reducing the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular death or the need for revascularisation procedures in patients 55 years of age or more who have clinical evidence of coronary artery disease, stroke, or peripheral vascular disease.
For reducing the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular death or revascularization procedures in diabetic patients 55 years or more with one or more of the following risk factors: systolic blood pressure > 160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg (or on antihypertensive treatment); total cholesterol > 5.2 mmol/L; HDL cholesterol < 0.9 mmol/L; current smoker; known microalbuminuria; any evidence of previous vascular disease.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to ramipril, or to any other ACE inhibitor or to any of the excipients of Ramipril AN. History of hereditary and/or idiopathic angioedema or angioedema associated with previous treatment with an ACE inhibitor. Haemodynamically relevant renal artery stenosis either bilateral or unilateral in the single kidney. As with all vasodilators, ACE inhibitors should not be used in patients with haemodynamically relevant left ventricular inflow or outflow impediment (e.g. stenosis of aortic or mitral valve). Hypotensive or haemodynamically unstable patients. Pregnancy. Lactation. Renal failure (see Precautions).
Extracorporeal treatments leading to contact of blood with negatively charged surfaces must be avoided such as dialysis or haemofiltration with high flux dialyser membranes: life threatening anaphylactoid hypersensitivity reactions, sometimes progressing to shock, have been described in the course of dialysis with high flux membranes (e.g. polyacrylonitrile membranes such as AN69) during ACE inhibitor therapy.
This combination must be avoided, either by using other medical products to control high blood pressure or cardiac insufficiency or by using other membranes during dialysis.
Similar reactions have been seen in patients undergoing low density lipoprotein apheresis with dextran sulfate during ACE inhibitor therapy.
Ramipril must not be used with aliskiren containing medicines in patients with diabetes or with moderate to severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 60 mL/min).
Ramipril must not be used with angiotensin II receptor antagonist (AIIRAs) in patients with diabetic nephropathy.

Warnings

Angioedema: head, neck or extremities.

Ramipril is contraindicated in patients with a history of angioedema. Angioedema of the face, extremities, lips, tongue, glottis and/or larynx has been reported in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. If angioedema occurs, the product should be promptly discontinued and the patient carefully observed until the swelling disappears. In instances where swelling has been confined to the face and lips, the condition should resolve without treatment, although antihistamines may be useful in relieving symptoms. Laryngeal oedema, however, can be fatal, thus where there is angioedema involving swelling of the tongue, glottis or larynx, likely to cause airway obstruction, appropriate therapy, e.g. subcutaneous adrenalin solution 1:1000 (0.3 mL to 0.5 mL) should be promptly administered (see Adverse Effects). Hospitalisation of the patient is advisable with observation for at least 12 to 24 hours and discharge only upon complete resolution of the symptoms.
Angioedema may occur with or without urticaria. The onset of angioedema associated with use of ACE inhibitors may be delayed for weeks or months. Patients may have multiple episodes of angioedema with long symptom free periods.
Medical therapy of progressive angioedema should be aggressive. Failing a rapid response, mechanical methods to secure an airway should be undertaken before massive oedema complicates oral or nasal intubation or surgical procedures (e.g. cricothyrotomy or tracheostomy). Patients who respond to medical treatment should be observed carefully for a possible rebound phenomenon.

Angioedema: intestinal.

Intestinal angioedema has been reported in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. These patients presented with abdominal pain (with or without nausea or vomiting); in some cases facial angioedema also occurred. The intestinal angioedema symptoms resolved after stopping the ACE inhibitor.

Hypotension.

Hypotension may occur in patients commencing treatment with ACE inhibitors. Excessive hypotension is rarely seen in uncomplicated hypertensive patients but is a possible consequence of use in severely salt/ volume depleted persons such as patients with renovascular hypertension, those treated vigorously with diuretics, after severe diarrhoea or patients undergoing dialysis (see Precautions, Interactions with Other Medicines and Adverse Effects). It is recommended that dehydration, hypovolaemia or salt depletion be corrected before initiating treatment. In patients with severe congestive heart failure, with or without associated renal insufficiency, excessive hypotension has been observed with ACE inhibitors. This may be associated with syncope, neurological deficit, oliguria and/or progressive azotemia, but rarely with acute renal failure and/or death. If ramipril is to be used in such patients for treatment of hypertension, therapy should be started under very close supervision. Such patients should be followed closely for the first two weeks of treatment and whenever the dosage with or without a diuretic is increased. In patients with heart failure, correcting dehydration, hypovolaemia or salt depletion must be carefully weighed against the risk of volume overload.
For this reason also, in patients treated with ramipril after a myocardial infarction, treatment should not be initiated until the patient is haemodynamically stable (see Dosage and Administration).
Similar consideration may apply to patients with ischaemic heart or cerebrovascular disease in whom an excessive fall in blood pressure could result in myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident. In all high risk patients, it is advisable to initiate treatment at lower dosages than those usually recommended for uncomplicated patients.
In order to assess the extent of an acute fall in blood pressure and where necessary to take corrective action, blood pressure should be measured repeatedly after the first dose of ramipril, after a dosage increase of ramipril and after the first dose of an additional diuretic plus any dosage increase of the diuretic. This should be done until blood pressure has satisfactorily stabilised.
If hypotension occurs the patient should be placed in a supine position and, if necessary, receive an intravenous infusion of normal saline. A transient hypotensive response is not a contraindication to further doses which usually can be given without difficulty once the blood pressure has increased after volume expansion.

Precautions

Use in pregnancy.

(Category D)
As with all ACE inhibitors, ramipril should not be taken during pregnancy. Pregnancy must be excluded before starting treatment with ramipril and avoided during the treatment. Otherwise there is a risk of harm to the foetus.
If a patient intends to become pregnant, treatment with ACE inhibitors must be discontinued and replaced by another form of treatment.
If a patient becomes pregnant while on ACE inhibitors, she must immediately inform her doctor to discuss a change in medication and further management.
There are no adequate and well controlled studies of ramipril in pregnant women. Data, however, show that ramipril crosses the human placenta. Postmarketing experience with all ACE inhibitors suggests that exposure in utero may be associated with hypotension and decreased renal perfusion in the foetus. ACE inhibitors have also been associated with foetal death in utero.
A historical cohort study in over 29,000 infants born to nondiabetic mothers has shown 2.7 times higher risk for congenital malformations in infants exposed to any ACE inhibitor during the first trimester compared to no exposure. The risk ratios for cardiovascular and central nervous system malformations were 3.7 times (95% confidence interval 1.89 to 7.3) and 4.4 times (95% confidence interval 1.37 to 14.02) respectively, compared to no exposure.
When ACE inhibitors have been used during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, there have been reports of neonatal hypotension, renal failure, skull hypoplasia and death.
Oligohydramnios has also been reported, presumably resulting from decreased foetal renal function; oligohydramnios has been associated with foetal limb contractures, craniofacial malformations, hypoplastic lung development, and intrauterine growth retardation. Prematurity and patent ductus arteriosus have been reported, although it is not clear whether these occurrences were due to the ACE inhibitor exposure or to the mother's underlying disease.

Australian categorisation definition of Category D.

Drugs which have caused, are suspected to have caused or may be expected to cause, an increased incidence of human fetal malformations or irreversible damage. These drugs may also have adverse pharmacological effects. Accompanying texts should be consulted for further details.

Use in lactation.

Ingestion of a single 10 mg dose of ramipril resulted in undetectable amounts of ramipril and its metabolites in breast milk. However, there is evidence that ramiprilat is excreted in rat milk, hence ramipril should not be given to nursing mothers. If treatment with ramipril is necessary during lactation, the patient should not breastfeed.

Use in children.

The safety and effectiveness of ramipril have not been established in children.

Use in elderly.

In clinical trials, no overall difference in effectiveness or safety has been observed between patients over 65 and younger patients. However, since both liver and kidney function may decline with age, the starting dose of ramipril should be reduced to 1.25 mg daily. Some elderly patients may be particularly responsive to ACE inhibitors. Evaluation of renal function at the beginning of treatment is recommended.

Carcinogenicity.

No evidence of a carcinogenic effect was found when ramipril was given to rats (up to 500 mg/kg/day for 24 months) or to mice (up to 1000 mg/kg/day for 18 months).
An increased incidence of oxyphilic cells in the renal tubules and oxyphilic microadenomas was also observed in rats treated for 24 months with ramipril (3.2 to 500 mg/kg/day). Data from historical control animals showed that the spontaneous occurrence of oxyphilic cells in rat kidney is age related, is higher in males and reaches a level similar to that seen in the ramipril treated group. There is no evidence in humans that the occurrence of oxyphilic cells is age related. Moreover, progression of oxyphilic cells to neoplasia (oncocytoma) is rare and, when it occurs, is considered to be benign. Whether this finding in rats represents any potential risk to man is therefore unclear.

Laboratory test findings.

The serum sodium level may decrease. Elevation of serum potassium may occur, since ramipril leads to a decrease in aldosterone secretion; potassium sparing diuretics or potassium supplements should therefore be avoided. Increases in serum bilirubin and/or liver enzymes have been observed. Mild to severe decreases in haemoglobin (also due to haemolytic anaemia), red blood cells platelets and white blood cells have been observed with ACE inhibitors (see Warnings and Precautions). Eosinophilia has also been seen. Raised titres of antinuclear antibodies have been observed with other ACE inhibitors.

Patients with hyperstimulated renin angiotensin system.

In the treatment of patients with a hyper stimulated renin angiotensin system, particular caution must be exercised. Such patients are at risk of an acute pronounced fall in blood pressure and deterioration of renal function due to ACE inhibition, especially when an ACE inhibitor or a concomitant diuretic is given for the first time or for the first time at an increased dose. Initial doses or initial dose increase must be accompanied by close blood pressure monitoring until such time as no further acute reduction in blood pressure is to be anticipated. Significant activation of the renin angiotensin system is to be anticipated, for example:
In patients with severe, and particularly with malignant hypertension. The initial phase of treatment requires special medical supervision.
In patients with heart failure, particularly if severe or if treated with other substances having antihypertensive potential. If heart failure is severe, the initial phase of treatment requires special medical supervision.
In patients with haemodynamically relevant left ventricular inflow or outflow impediment (e.g. stenosis of the aortic or mitral valve). The initial phase of treatment requires special medical supervision.
In patients in whom fluid or salt depletion exist or may develop (as a result of insufficient fluid or salt intake, or as a result of, e.g. diarrhoea, vomiting or excessive sweating in cases where salt and fluid replacement is inadequate).
Generally, it is recommended that dehydration, hypovolaemia or salt depletion be corrected before initiating treatment (in patients with heart failure, however, such corrective action must be carefully weighed against the risk of volume overload). When these conditions have become clinically relevant, treatment with ramipril must only be started or continued if appropriate steps are taken concurrently to prevent an excessive fall in blood pressure and deterioration of renal function.
Dual blockade of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system by combining ramipril with an angiotensin II receptor antagonist (AIIRA) or with aliskiren is not recommended since there are increased risks of hypotension, hyperkalaemia and changes in renal function. The use of ramipril in combination with aliskiren is contraindicated in patients with diabetes mellitus or renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 60 mL/min) (see Contraindications).
The use of ramipril in combination with an AIIRA is contraindicated in patients with diabetic nephropathy.

Impaired renal function.

Ramipril can prevent progressive renal failure in patients with persistent proteinuria in excess of 1 g/day. The nephroprotective effect of ramipril was observed to be more evident at doses greater than 1.25 mg in a small post hoc analysis which examined changes in serum creatinine and GFR (rather than changes in the rate of decline of GFR) after 3 months treatment with ramipril. This effect could depend upon the selective availability at the renal tissue site and on the patient's sodium status. These studies also indicate that, in renally impaired patients, higher doses of ramipril did not represent a higher risk than did lower doses of ramipril.
As a consequence of inhibiting the renin angiotensin aldosterone system, changes in renal function may be anticipated in susceptible individuals. In patients with severe congestive heart failure whose renal function may depend on the activity of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system, treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, including ramipril may be associated with oliguria and/or progressive azotemia and (rarely) with acute renal failure and/or death.
In patients after renal transplantation, there is a risk of renal impairment.
In clinical studies in hypertensive patients with unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis, increases in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were observed in 20% of patients. These increases are usually reversible upon discontinuation of ACE treatment and/or diuretic therapy. In such patients, renal function should be monitored during the first few weeks of therapy.
Patients with unilateral renal artery disease present a special problem as deterioration of function may not be apparent from measurement of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine. Even a small increase in serum creatinine may be indicative of unilateral loss of renal function.
Some hypertensive patients with no apparent pre-existing renal vascular disease have developed increases in blood urea and serum creatinine which is usually minor and transient, especially when ramipril has been given concomitantly with a diuretic in patients with pre-existing renal impairment. Dosage reduction of ramipril and/or discontinuation of the diuretic may be required. Additionally, in patients with renal insufficiency, serum potassium should be monitored more frequently as there is a risk of hyperkalaemia.
There is insufficient experience in the use of ramipril in patients with severe renal impairment (i.e. creatinine clearance less than 20 mL/min/1.73 m2 body surface area).
Ramipril is not suitable for the treatment of patients requiring haemodialysis for endstage renal failure since only negligible amounts are dialysable.
Evaluation of the hypertensive patient or patient with heart failure should always include assessment of renal function (see Dosage and Administration). If a deterioration in renal function has occurred after treatment with one ACE inhibitor, then it is likely to be precipitated by another and in these patients, other classes of antihypertensive agent should be preferred.

Monitoring of renal function.

It is recommended that renal function be monitored, particularly in the initial weeks of treatment with an ACE inhibitor. Particularly careful monitoring is required in patients with: heart failure; renovascular disease, including patients with haemodynamically relevant unilateral loss of renal function; impairment of renal function; kidney transplant.

Electrolyte monitoring.

It is recommended that serum potassium and serum sodium be monitored regularly. More frequent monitoring of serum potassium is necessary in patients with impaired renal function.

Impaired liver function.

As ramipril is a prodrug metabolised in the liver to its active moiety, particular caution and close monitoring should be applied to patients with impaired liver function. The metabolism of the parent compound and, therefore, the formation of the bioactive metabolite ramiprilat may be diminished, resulting in markedly elevated plasma levels of the parent compound (due to the reduced activity of the esterases in the liver) (see Dosage and Administration). Patients in whom severe liver cirrhosis with oedema and/or ascites is present, the renin angiotensin system may be significantly activated; therefore, particular caution must be exercised in treating these patients.

Patients at particular risk from a pronounced reduction in blood pressure.

In patients who would be at particular risk from an undesirably pronounced reduction in blood pressure (e.g. patients with haemodynamically relevant stenosis of the coronary arteries or of the blood vessels supplying the brain), the initial phase of treatment requires a special medical supervision.

Neutropenia/ agranulocytosis.

Agranulocytosis and bone marrow depression (including leucopaenia/ neutropaenia) have been reported with ACE inhibitors. These have mostly occurred in patients with pre-existing impaired renal function, collagen vascular disease, immunosuppressant therapy or a combination of these complicating factors. Most episodes of leucopaenia and neutropenia have been single, transient occurrences without any associated clinical symptoms. In addition, data to establish a causal relationship are currently lacking.
It is recommended that white blood cell counts be monitored to permit detection of a possible leucopaenia, particularly in the initial phase of treatment. More frequent monitoring is advised in the initial phase of treatment and in patients with collagen vascular disease, renal disease (serum creatinine ≥ 180 micromol/L) and those on multiple drug therapy with agents known to be nephrotoxic or myelosuppressive.

Cough.

A persistent dry (nonproductive) irritating cough has been reported with most ACE inhibitors in use. The frequency of reports has been increasing since cough was first recognised as a side effect of ACE inhibition. In various studies, the incidence of cough varies between 2 to 15% depending upon the drug, dosage and duration of use.
The cough is often worse when lying down or at night. The cough is more common in women (who account for 2/3 of the reported cases). Patients who cough may have increased bronchial reactivity compared to those who do not cough. The observed higher frequency of this complication in nonsmokers may be due to higher level of tolerance to cough by smokers.
The mechanism of this adverse reaction is not clear but most likely to be secondary to the effects of converting enzyme inhibitor on kinins (bradykinin and/or prostaglandin) resulting in stimulation of pulmonary cough reflex.
Once a patient has developed intolerable cough, an attempt may be made to switch the patient to another ACE inhibitor. The reaction may recur on rechallenge with another ACE inhibitor but this is not invariably the case. A change in antihypertensive regime may be required in severe cases. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. sulindac) have been reported to be effective in relieving coughing induced by ACE inhibitors. In mild hypertensive patients, or patients likely to be treated with other antihypertensive agents, it is unlikely that risks of prescribing a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug will outweigh the benefit of relieving cough.

Hyperkalaemia.

Because the ACE inhibitors decrease the formation of angiotensin II, which results in decreased production of aldosterone, increase in serum potassium levels (> 5.5 mEq/L) are not unexpected with this class of drugs. Hyperkalaemia is more likely in patients with some degree of renal impairment, those treated with potassium sparing diuretics or potassium supplements and/or consuming potassium containing salt substitutes. Diabetics, and particularly elderly diabetics, may be at increased risk of hyperkalaemia. In some patients, hyponatraemia may coexist with hyperkalaemia. It is recommended that patients undergoing ACE inhibitor treatment should have measurement of serum electrolytes (including potassium, sodium and urea) regularly. This is more important in patients taking diuretics.

Dermatological reactions.

Dermatological reactions characterised by maculopapular pruritic rashes and sometimes photosensitivity has been reported with another ACE inhibitor. Rare and sometimes severe skin reactions (lichenoid eruptions, psoriasis, pemphigus like rash, rosacea, Stevens-Johnson syndrome etc.) have been reported. A causal relationship is difficult to assess.
Patients who developed a cutaneous adverse event with one ACE inhibitor may be free of reaction when switched to another drug of the same class, but there are also reports of cross reactivity.

Taste disturbances (dysgeusia).

Taste disturbances were reported to be high (up to 12.5%) with high doses of another ACE inhibitor. The actual incidence of taste disturbance is probably low (< 0.5%) but data in this respect is scarce and difficult to interpret.
Taste disturbances with ACE inhibitors are described as suppression of taste or a metallic sensation in the mouth or sometimes there may be taste reduction of even complete loss of taste. The dysgeusia occurs usually in the first weeks of treatment and usually disappears within 1-3 months of treatment.

Surgery/ anaesthesia.

In patients undergoing major surgery or anaesthesia who are being treated with agents that produce hypotension, ACE inhibitors may block angiotensin II formation secondary to compensatory renin release. If hypotension occurs, and is considered to be due to this mechanism, it can be corrected by volume expansion.

Effects on the ability to drive and operate machinery.

The antihypertensive effect in individual cases may be symptomatic. Some adverse effects (e.g. some symptoms of reduction in blood pressure such as light headedness, dizziness) may impair the patient's ability to concentrate and react. Treatment with any blood pressure lowering agent may, therefore, affect the ability to drive, cross the road safely or operate machinery, especially at the start of treatment or when changing over from other preparations, or during concomitant use of alcohol.

Fibromuscular pad formation.

In several repeated dose studies in rats, especially male animals treated with ramipril (3.2-500 mg/kg b.w./day) showed an increased incidence of so called fibromuscular pad formation in the basal region of the gastric mucosa. The findings suggest an increased connective tissue formation and partly also increased formation of smooth muscle (lamina muscularis mucosae) due to a predominantly round cell inflammatory reaction. In all studies (1-24 month, carcinogenicity) the changes are always of the same type and no tendency of proliferation is obvious. Thus, it seems to be rather a reactive process with circumscribed scar tissue formation. The changes in the rat stomach mucosa could not be reproduced in other species (ie. mouse, dog, rabbit, monkey).
This lesion was also observed when rats were treated with a relatively high dose (90 mg/kg/day for 3 to 6 months) of another ACE inhibitor. In the light of the available data, fibromuscular pad formation in the rat would not appear to present a serious risk in humans.

Interactions

Extracorporeal treatments.

Extracorporeal treatments leading to contact of blood with negatively charged surfaces must be avoided, such as dialysis or haemofiltration with high flux dialyser membranes.

Aliskiren containing medicines.

The combination of ramipril with aliskiren containing medicines is contraindicated in patients with diabetes mellitus or with moderate to severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 60 mL/min) and is not recommended in other patients (see Contraindications and Precautions).

Angiotensin II receptor antagonists (AIIRAS).

The use of ramipril in combination with an AIIRA is contraindicated in patients with diabetic nephropathy and is not recommended in other patients.

Antihypertensive drugs.

Possible potentiation of the antihypertensive effect must be anticipated when ramipril is administered concurrently with other antihypertensive agents and other substances with antihypertensive potential (e.g. nitrates, tricyclic antidepressants, anaesthetics). Regular monitoring of serum sodium is recommended in patients undergoing concurrent diuretic therapy.

Vasopressor sympathomimetics.

The antihypertensive effect of ramipril may be reduced by concurrent administration of vasopressor sympathomimetics. Particularly close blood pressure monitoring is recommended.

Diuretics.

Patients on diuretics, especially those in whom diuretic therapy was recently instituted, may occasionally experience an excessive reduction of blood pressure after initiation of therapy with ramipril. The possibility of hypotensive effects with ramipril can be minimised by either discontinuing the diuretic or increasing the salt intake prior to initiation of treatment with ramipril. If this is not possible, the starting dose should be reduced (see Dosage and Administration). Regular monitoring of serum sodium is necessary in patients undergoing concurrent diuretic therapy.

Potassium supplements, potassium sparing diuretics.

Ramipril can attenuate potassium loss caused by thiazide diuretics. Potassium sparing diuretics (spironolactone, amiloride, triamterene and others), potassium supplements can increase the risk of hyperkalaemia. Therefore, if concomitant use of such agents is indicated, they should be given with caution, and the patient's serum potassium should be monitored frequently.

Lithium.

Excretion of lithium may be reduced by ACE inhibitors. Increased serum lithium levels and symptoms of lithium toxicity (e.g. cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects) have been reported in patients receiving ACE inhibitors during therapy with lithium. These drugs should be coadministered with caution, and frequent monitoring of serum lithium levels is recommended. If a diuretic is also used, the risk of lithium toxicity may be increased.

NSAIDs.

As with other ACE inhibitors, a decrease in the antihypertensive effects of ramipril in patients taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. acetylsalicylic acid, phenylbutazone, indomethacin) is to be anticipated. Furthermore, concomitant treatment of ACE inhibitors and NSAIDs may lead to an increased risk of worsening renal function and an increase in serum potassium.

Combination use of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor antagonists, anti-inflammatory drugs and thiazide diuretics.

Concomitant use of a renin angiotensin system inhibiting drug (ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor antagonist), an anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID, including COX-2 inhibitor) and a thiazide diuretic may increase the risk of renal impairment. This includes use in fixed combination products containing more than one class of drug. The combination of these agents should be administered with caution, especially in the elderly and in patients with pre-existing renal impairment. Renal function (serum creatinine) should be monitored after initiation of concomitant therapy, and periodically thereafter.

Anaesthetics.

General anaesthetics or anaesthetics with an antihypertensive action may cause the blood pressure to drop further in patients taking ramipril. Appropriate counter measures, such as increasing the blood volume or, if necessary, administering angiotensin II, should be taken before or during surgery.

Antidiabetic agents.

ACE inhibitors may reduce insulin resistance. The possibility of an increased blood sugar reduction must be considered in patients treated concurrently with ramipril and antidiabetic agents such as insulin and sulphonylurea derivatives. Particularly close blood glucose monitoring is, therefore, recommended in the initial phase of coadministration.

Vildagliptin.

An increased incidence of angioedema was found in patients taking ACE inhibitors and vildagliptin.

Heparin.

A rise in serum potassium concentration is possible when ramipril and heparin are administered concurrently.

Alcohol.

Concomitant administration with alcohol may lead to increased vasodilation. Ramipril may potentiate the effect of alcohol.

Desensitisation therapy.

The likelihood and severity of anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions to insect venom is increased under ACE inhibition. It is assumed that this effect may also occur in connection with other allergens.

Other.

Allopurinol, immunosuppressants, corticosteroids, procainamide, cytostatic agents and other substances that may change the blood picture. The likelihood of blood picture changes is increased when ramipril is administered with these substances.
A high intake of dietary salt may decrease the effects of antihypertensive medication.

mTOR inhibitors (e.g. temsirolimus).

An increased incidence of angioedema was observed in patients taking ACE inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors (mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors).

Adverse Effects

Ramipril has been evaluated for safety in over 4000 patients with hypertension. The frequency of adverse reactions associated with ramipril was low in clinical trials. Generally, adverse reactions are mild and transient, and do not require discontinuation of therapy. The most frequently reported adverse reactions are nausea, dizziness and headache. Cough has been reported in clinical trials with an incidence of between less than 2% and up to 5.5%.
In placebo controlled trials, however, there was an excess of upper respiratory infection and flu syndrome in the ramipril group. As these studies were carried out before the relationship of cough to ACE inhibitors was recognised, some of these events may represent ramipril induced cough.
When used to treat nephropathy, the risks of ramipril therapy are no greater than when it is used to treat hypertension.
Similarly, the available information available from the HOPE study in 9200 patients does not reveal any increased risk of treatment with 10 mg ramipril in high risk cardiovascular patients or in diabetics.
The following lists adverse events reported in clinical trials with an incidence of greater than 2% (more common) and those with an incidence of equal to or less than 2% (less common).

More common.

Cardiovascular.

Symptomatic hypotension characterised by dizziness, weakness, nausea, headache, palpitations, tiredness, lightheadedness, impaired reactions or tinnitus may occur particularly at initiation of treatment or after increasing the dose of ramipril (see Warnings and Precautions). Orthostatic blood pressure decreased (disturbed orthostatic regulation), syncope.

Gastrointestinal.

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhoea may occur, but these reactions are often transient. Gastrointestinal inflammation, digestive disturbances, abdominal discomfort.

Dermatologic.

Apparent hypersensitivity reactions (manifested by dermatitis, pruritus, or rash, with or without fever, see Precautions).

Cough.

A persistent, dry (nonproductive) cough has been reported with ramipril as with other ACE Inhibitors. Bronchitis, sinusitis, dyspnoea.

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders.

Muscle spasms (muscle cramps), myalgia.

Metabolism and nutritional disorders.

Blood potassium increased.

General disorders and administration site conditions.

Chest pain, fatigue.

Less common.

Cardiovascular.

Peripheral oedema, flushing and disturbed orthostatic regulation may be observed. Isolated cases of syncope, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, chest pain, palpitations, tachycardia, myocardial ischaemia and myocardial infarction have been observed. Exacerbation of perfusion disturbances due to vascular stenosis. Cerebral ischaemia leading to transient ischaemic attacks or stroke. Vasculitis.

Renal.

Some hypertensive patients with no apparent pre-existing renal disease have developed minor, usually transient, increases in BUN and serum creatinine when taking ramipril, particularly when ramipril was given concomitantly with a diuretic (see Warnings and Precautions).
Impairment of renal function (isolated cases progressing to acute renal failure) may develop. Deterioration of pre-existing proteinuria (although ACE inhibitors usually reduce proteinuria) or an increase in urinary output may occur.

Angioedema.

In very rare cases angioedema, including fatal angioedema, has occurred during therapy with ACE inhibitors, including ramipril. If laryngeal stridor or angioedema of the face, tongue or glottis occurs, treatment with ramipril must be discontinued and appropriate therapy started immediately (see Warnings).

Gastrointestinal.

Abdominal or gastric pain including gastritis (sometimes with enzyme changes suggesting pancreatitis), pancreatitis (cases of fatal outcome have been exceptionally reported with ACE inhibitors), pancreatic enzymes increased, small bowel angioedema, anorexia, decreased appetite, constipation, dry mouth, dyspepsia, dysphagia, gastroenteritis, increased salivation, taste or smell disturbances and ageusia (loss of taste), dysgeusia (taste disturbances).

Hepatobiliary disorder.

Hepatic enzymes and/or bilirubin conjugated increased.

Dermatologic, mucosal and cutaneous.

Reactions such as conjunctivitis, urticaria, alopecia, onycholysis, precipitation and/or intensification of Raynaud's phenomenon and sweating have been observed (see also Precautions).

Neurologic and psychiatric.

Amnesia, confusion, convulsions, depressed mood, depression, disorders of balance, hearing loss, headache (not causally related to reduction in blood pressure), insomnia, loss of appetite, nervousness, anxiety, neuralgia, neuropathy, paraesthesia, restlessness, somnolence, tinnitus, tremor, vertigo and vision disturbances including blurred vision.

Blood and lymphatic system disorders.

Eosinophilia.

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders.

Bronchospasm including aggravated asthma, nasal congestion.

Reproductive system and breast disorders.

Impotence and reduced libido (as generally possible in unusually low blood pressure and as possible consequence for other adverse effects).

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders.

Arthralgia.

General disorders and administration site conditions.

Pyrexia (fever).

Other.

Rarely, cholestatic jaundice, liver damage (including acute liver failure), have been reported. Also photosensitivity reactions and purpura have occurred. The likelihood and the severity of anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions may be increased whilst taking ACE inhibitors. This must be considered when desensitisation is performed. Isolated cases of agranulocytosis, pancytopenia or bone marrow depression or failure may occur.

Blood and lymphatic system disorders.

Decrease white blood cell count (including neutropenia or agranulocytosis), red blood cell count, haemoglobin and platelet count, haemolytic anaemia.

Nervous system disorders.

Balance disorder, cerebral ischaemia including ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack, psychomotor skills impaired (impaired reactions), burning sensation, parosmia (smell disturbances).

Ear and labyrinth disorders.

Hearing impairment.

Gastrointestinal disorders.

Glossitis, aphtous stomatitis (inflammatory reactions of the oral cavity).

Skin and subcutanous tissue disorders.

Exfoliative dermatitis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, pemphigus, psoriasis aggravated, dermatitis psoriasiform, pemphigoid or lichenoid exanthema or enanthema, alopecia.

Endocrine disorders.

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH).

Metabolism and nutrition disorders.

Blood sodium decreased.

Vascular disorders.

Hypoperfusion (exacerbation of perfusion disturbances), Raynaud's phenomenon.

General disorders and administration site conditions.

Asthenia (weakness).

Immune system disorders.

Anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions (severe anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions to insect venoma is increased under ACE inhibition), antinuclear antibody increased.

Hepatobiliary disorders.

Hepatocellular damage, acute hepatic failure, cholestatic or cytolytic hepatitis (fatal outcome has been very exceptional).

Reproductive system and breast disorders.

Gynaecomastia.

Psychiatric disorders.

Confusional state, disturbance in attention.

Dosage and Administration

Ramipril tablets should be swallowed whole before, during or after meals with a generous amount of fluid.

Hypertension.

The recommended initial dosage for patients not receiving a diuretic is 2.5 mg ramipril once a day. Depending upon the patient's response, the dosage may then be increased at intervals of 2-3 weeks, first to 5 mg and then to a maximum of 10 mg once daily. If blood pressure is not controlled with ramipril alone, a diuretic can be added (see Warnings regarding administration with potassium sparing diuretics and potassium supplements).
Occasionally, in patients already taking diuretics, an undesirable large drop in blood pressure may occur after the first dose of ramipril. If possible, therefore, treatment with the diuretic should be discontinued 2-3 days before starting treatment with ramipril. If this is not possible, initial treatment with ramipril should start at a dose of 1.25 mg once daily and then be adjusted to the patient's needs.
An initial dose of 1.25 mg should also be considered in patients where fluid or salt depletion have not been completely corrected or in patients whom a hypotensive reaction would constitute a particular risk (e.g. with relevant stenosis of coronary vessels of those supplying the brain).

Post-MI heart failure.

The recommended initial dose is 5 mg ramipril daily, divided into two doses of 2.5 mg each, one in the morning and one in the evening. If the patient does not tolerate this initial dosage, it is recommended that 1.25 mg be given twice daily for two days. In either event, depending on the patient's response, the dose may then be increased. It is recommended that the dose, if increased, be doubled at intervals of 1-3 days. The maximum permitted daily dose is 10 mg ramipril to be given in divided doses. Treatment should be started in hospital when the patient is haemodynamically stable, preferably between 2 and 10 days after acute myocardial infarction.
Treatment should be reviewed after 15 months with the consideration of withdrawing ACE inhibitor treatment from patients who are haemodynamically stable with no symptoms or signs of heart failure.
Sufficient experience is still lacking in the treatment of patients with severe heart failure (NYHA class IV) immediately after myocardial infarction.

Progressive renal failure in patients with persistent proteinuria in excess of 1 g/day.

The recommended initial dose is 1.25 mg ramipril once daily. This should be doubled at intervals of 2-3 weeks, depending on how the drug is tolerated. There are no efficacy data regarding doses above 5 mg/day in patients with nephropathy.
In hypertensive patients, a target diastolic blood pressure of < 90 mmHg should be pursued. In patients pretreated with a diuretic, consideration must be given to discontinuing the diuretic for at least 2-3 days or longer (depending on duration of action) or at least consideration should be given to reducing the dose, before initiating ramipril.

Dosage in patients with impaired renal function.

Also see dosage in the section above, Progressive renal failure in patients with persistent proteinuria in excess of 1 g/day. In hypertensive patients with creatinine clearance levels of 50 mL/min and above (serum creatinine < 1.5 mg/dL) a dosage adjustment is not required.
For patients with creatinine clearance levels between 20 and 50 mL/min (serum creatinine between 1.5 and 3 mg/dL), the recommended initial dose is 1.25 mg ramipril once daily. This should be doubled at intervals of 2-3 weeks, depending on how the drug is tolerated.
Particular care should be exercised in patients with impaired renal function who are to be treated for heart failure post-MI as such patients may be susceptible to hypotension. Patients with impaired renal function treated for heart failure post-MI have not been studied systematically.

Dosage in patients with impaired liver function.

In patients with impaired liver function, the metabolism of ramipril, and therefore the formation of the bioactive metabolite ramiprilat, is delayed due to diminished activity of the esterases in the liver, resulting in elevated plasma ramipril levels. Treatment with ramipril should therefore be initiated under close medical supervision and should not exceed 2.5 mg daily.

Dosage in patients at increased cardiovascular risk.

The recommended initial dose is 2.5 mg ramipril once daily. Depending on the tolerability, the dose should be doubled after one week of treatment and, after three weeks, should be increased to 10 mg.
The usual maintenance dose is ramipril 10 mg daily.

Dosage in elderly.

The recommended starting dose is 1.25 mg once daily, which can then be increased according to the individual patient's BP response.

Overdosage

In cases of overdose, the following may occur: excessive peripheral vasodilation, severe hypotension, shock, bradycardia, electrolyte disturbances, renal failure.
The treatment given depends on how and when the drug was taken and on the type and severity of symptoms. Steps must be taken to eliminate ramipril which has not yet been absorbed (e.g. administration of adsorbants during the first 30 minutes if possible). Vital and organ functions must be monitored under intensive care conditions, and safeguarded if necessary. In case of hypotension, administration of α1-adrenergic agonists should be considered in addition to volume and salt substitution.
No experience is available concerning the efficacy of forced diuresis, altering urine pH, haemofiltration, or dialysis in speeding up the elimination of ramipril or ramiprilat. If dialysis or haemofiltration is considered, consideration must be given to the fact that ramipril is contraindicated with certain high flux filtration membranes and with dextran sulfate LDL apheresis (see Contraindications).
Contact the Poisons Information Centre (telephone 131 126) for advice on management of overdosage.

Presentation

Ramipril AN tablets 1.25, 2.5, 5 & 10 (1.25, 2.5, 5 & 10 mg ramipril) are supplied in PA/Alu/PVC - Aluminium foil or PVC - Aluminium foil blister packs containing 28* & 30 tablets and HDPE bottles containing 30 tablets.

Ramipril AN tablets 1.25 mg (Blister pack: AUST R 175228 & Bottle: AUST R 175234).

White to off-white coloured, flat faced bevel edged round uncoated tablet debossed with 'H' &'17' on one side and plain on other side.

Ramipril AN tablets 2.5 mg (Blister pack: AUST R 175239 & Bottle: AUST R 175219).

Light yellow to yellow coloured flat faced bevel edged, round uncoated tablet debossed with 'H' & '18' separated by score line on one side and plain on other side.

Ramipril AN tablets 5 mg (Blister pack: AUST R 175231 & Bottle: AUST R 175236).

Light pink coloured mottled, flat faced bevel edged round uncoated tablet debossed with 'H' & '19' separated by score line on one side and plain on other side.

Ramipril AN tablets 10 mg (Blister pack: AUST R 175233 & Bottle: AUST R 175225).

White to off-white coloured, flat faced bevel edged round uncoated tablet debossed with 'H' & '20' separated by score line on one side and plain on other side.
*Not currently marketed in Australia.

Storage

Store below 25°C.

Poison Schedule

S4.