Consumer medicine information

Relenza Rotadisks

Zanamivir

BRAND INFORMATION

Brand name

Relenza

Active ingredient

Zanamivir

Schedule

S4

 

Consumer medicine information (CMI) leaflet

Please read this leaflet carefully before you start using Relenza Rotadisks.

What is in this leaflet?

Please read this leaflet carefully before you start RELENZA ROTADISKS (hereafter referred to as RELENZA).

This leaflet answers some common questions about RELENZA. It does not contain all of the available information.

It does not take the place of talking to your doctor or pharmacist.

All medicines have risks and benefits. Your doctor has weighed the expected benefits of you taking RELENZA against the risks this medicine could have for you.

If you have any concerns about taking this medicine, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

Keep this leaflet with the medicine. You may need to read it again.

What is RELENZA used for

RELENZA is a medicine used to treat Influenza, which is a specific viral infection.

RELENZA can be used to prevent symptoms and illness due to influenza infection. However, vaccination remains the primary method of preventing and controlling influenza. RELENZA may be given to prevent infection due to influenza in circumstances where prophylaxis is justified (eg when no suitable vaccine is available for the circulating influenza or when there is a pandemic). It is not recommended for routine prophylaxis against influenza infection.

RELENZA contains zanamivir and is available only with a doctor's prescription.

Using a DISKHALER device, RELENZA is delivered directly to the primary site of infection in the lungs. It works by destroying a chemical on the surface of the influenza virus. This stops the virus multiplying and spreading throughout the nose, lungs and air passages.

Best results are obtained by taking RELENZA as soon as possible after developing symptoms.

For the prevention of influenza, it should be taken as soon as possible after an outbreak is declared, or after coming into contact with someone who has contracted influenza.

RELENZA does not work for the common cold or virus infections other than influenza.

Ask your doctor if you have any questions about why RELENZA has been prescribed for you.

Use in children and elderly patients

There is no information on the use of RELENZA in children less than 5 years. The same dose is recommended in children between 5 and 12 years of age, as in adults. An adult should supervise the use of the delivery device when RELENZA is given to children.

There is limited experience with the use of RELENZA in elderly patients (65 years and older). The same dose is recommended in elderly patients.

Before you take RELENZA

When you must not take it

  • Do not take RELENZA if you have ever had an allergic reaction to zanamivir or any of the other ingredients in this medicine (listed at the end of this leaflet).
  • Do not take RELENZA if you have ever had a severe intolerance to lactose or any other sugars, or to milk protein.
  • Do not take RELENZA if you are breastfeeding, pregnant or trying to become pregnant, unless your doctor says you should.
You should discuss any concerns you have with your doctor.
  • Do not take RELENZA after the expiry date (EXP) printed on the pack.
  • Do not take RELENZA if the packaging is torn or shows signs of tampering.
  • If you suffer from asthma or other breathing problems, or if you normally use an asthma inhaler, you should discuss the use of RELENZA with your doctor.
If you're not sure whether you should be taking RELENZA, talk to your doctor.
There is a risk that RELENZA could cause increased difficulty with breathing, especially if you have asthma or other breathing problems. If you have asthma or breathing problems such as wheezing or shortness of breath which get worse while taking RELENZA you should stop taking it and contact your physician. If you have asthma or breathing problems and take RELENZA you should have a fast-acting bronchodilator available. If you are to take inhaled bronchodilators at the same time as RELENZA you should use the bronchodilator before taking RELENZA.
  • Tell your doctor if you are allergic to any foods or medicines or if you are taking any other medicines.

Some medicines may affect the way others work. RELENZA is unlikely to be affected by other drugs taken for influenza (for example, paracetamol or cough medicine).

People with influenza, particularly children and adolescents, may be at an increased risk of seizures, confusion, or abnormal behaviour early in their illness. These events may occur after beginning RELENZA or may occur when influenza is not treated. These events are uncommon but may result in accidental injury to the patient. Therefore, patients should be observed for signs of unusual behaviour and contact your doctor immediately if the patient shows any signs of unusual behaviour.

How to take RELENZA

The Pharmacist's label on the pack will tell you how to take your RELENZA. If there is something you do not understand, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

To treat influenza, you should start taking RELENZA as soon as possible but no later than forty-eight hours after developing symptoms to get the best effect.

Note: other inhaled drugs e.g. inhaled asthma medication which is due to be taken at approximately the same time as RELENZA should be taken before taking RELENZA.

If you have a reliever inhaler to use for asthma or other breathing problems make sure the inhaler is available, as very rarely you may need to use it after using RELENZA.

How much to take

RELENZA comes as a fine powder. This powder is in small pockets (known as blisters) in a round foil sheet, known as a Disk. The medicine in your RELENZA Disk is taken by breathing it in through your mouth using only the RELENZA DISKHALER. Follow the instruction sheet that is in the box containing your DISKHALER.

For the treatment of influenza, you should breathe in the contents of two blisters, twice a day (usually morning and evening), for five days.

For the prevention of influenza, breathe in the contents of two blisters once a day only.

Do not miss any doses.

Note: other inhaled drugs e.g. inhaled asthma medication which is due to be taken at approximately the same time as RELENZA should be taken before taking RELENZA.

If you have a reliever inhaler to use for asthma or other breathing problems make sure the inhaler is available, as very rarely you may need to use it after using RELENZA.

If you forget to take a dose

Take it as soon as you remember, then go back to taking it as you would normally. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the dose you missed and take your next dose when you are meant to.

Do not take a double dose to make up for the dose that you missed.

If you take too much (overdose)

Immediately telephone your doctor or Poisons Information Centre (telephone 131126) for advice, if you think you or anyone else may have taken too much RELENZA, even if there are no signs of discomfort or poisoning.

If you are not sure what to do, contact your doctor or pharmacist.

While you are taking RELENZA

Things you must do

If you are about to be started on any other medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist that you are taking RELENZA.

Things you must not do

Do not stop taking RELENZA, or change the dose, without first checking with your doctor.

Do not give this medicine to anyone else, even if their symptoms seem similar to yours.

Do not use RELENZA to treat any other complaints.

Things to be careful of

Be careful driving or operating machinery until you know how RELENZA affects you.

Side-Effects

Check with your doctor as soon as possible if you have any problems while taking RELENZA, even if you do not think the problem is related to the medicine.

Most people taking RELENZA find that it causes no problems.

However, very rarely, some people have experienced:

  • shortness of breath
  • wheezing
  • swelling of the face or in the mouth or throat
  • an itchy, raised skin rash (hives)
  • skin rash which may blister
  • a widespread rash with blisters and peeling skin,
  • extensive peeling of the skin on much of the body surface.
  • fainting and feeling lightheaded.
To avoid feeling lightheaded or fainting following RELENZA treatment, sit in a relaxed position and do not hold your breath longer than is comfortable after inhaling the dose.
If you are feeling unwell when you take RELENZA you may faint or become lightheaded after inhaling RELENZA. You are therefore advised to have someone with you while you are inhaling the dose of RELENZA.

If this occurs stop taking RELENZA and contact your doctor immediately. Many but not all of these patients who had breathing problems had previous asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

If you feel you are experiencing a side-effect, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. There may be some side-effects which are not yet known.

If you think you are having an allergic reaction to RELENZA, TELL YOUR DOCTOR IMMEDIATELY or go to the Accident and Emergency department at your nearest hospital. Symptoms usually include some or all of the following:

  • wheezing
  • swelling of the lips/mouth/face
  • difficulty in breathing
  • hay fever
  • lumpy rash ("hives")
  • collapse
  • fainting

Discuss any concerns you may have regarding RELENZA with your doctor or pharmacist.

Storage

Keep this medicine where children cannot reach it.

Keep RELENZA in a cool, dry place where the temperature stays below 30°C.

Product description

What it looks like

RELENZA is a fine powder packed in small "blisters" on a circular foil Disk. Each Disk has four blisters.

Each pack contains five Disks.

Place the Disk in the DISKHALER device and breathe the powder in through your mouth following the instructions provided in the DISKHALER leaflet.

Ingredients

RELENZA contains zanamivir (5 mg) and lactose monohydrate (20 mg). The lactose contains milk protein).

RELENZA does not contain gluten.

Further Information

Your doctor or pharmacist is the best person to give you advice on the treatment of your condition. You may also be able to find general information about your illness and its treatment from other sources, for example from books in public libraries.

Supplier

GlaxoSmithKline Australia Pty Ltd
Level 4, 436 Johnston Street
Abbotsford, Victoria, 3067
Australia

Trade marks are owned by or licensed to the GSK group of companies.

© 2018 GSK group of companies or its licensor.

RELENZA ROTADISKS: AUST R 66962

9 January 2018

Version 4.0

Published by MIMS May 2018

BRAND INFORMATION

Brand name

Relenza

Active ingredient

Zanamivir

Schedule

S4

 

1 Name of Medicine

Zanamivir.

2 Qualitative and Quantitative Composition

Each Relenza Rotadisk blister contains 5 mg of zanamivir.

Excipients with known effect.

Lactose monohydrate 20 mg (which contains milk protein).
For a full list of excipients, see Section 6.1 List of Excipients.

3 Pharmaceutical Form

Inhalation powder, white to off-white.

4 Clinical Particulars

4.1 Therapeutic Indications

Treatment.

Relenza (zanamivir) is indicated for the treatment of infections due to Influenza A and B viruses in adults and children aged 5 years and older. Treatment should commence as soon as possible but no later than forty-eight hours after the onset of the initial symptoms of infection (see Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use).

Prophylaxis.

Vaccination remains the primary method of preventing and controlling influenza.
Relenza is indicated for prophylaxis of influenza A and B in adults and children (≥ 5 years) to reduce transmission among individuals in households with an infected person.
Relenza is indicated for prophylaxis of influenza A and B during community outbreaks only in circumstances where such prophylaxis is justified (such as when vaccine that antigenically matches circulating influenza is not available or there is a pandemic).
It is not recommended for routine prophylaxis against influenza infection.

4.2 Dose and Method of Administration

Dose.

Treatment. The recommended dose of Relenza is two oral inhalations (2 x 5 mg) twice daily for five days providing a total daily inhaled dose of 20 mg.
Treatment should begin as soon as possible after onset of symptoms for maximum benefit, and at the latest should commence within 48 hours of symptom onset. Administration is by oral inhalation.
Prophylaxis. The recommended dose of Relenza is two inhalations (2 x 5 mg) once daily, providing a total daily inhaled dose of 10 mg, for 10 days. This may be increased up to 28 days if the period of exposure risk extends beyond 10 days.
Relenza Rotadisks are for pulmonary administration by oral inhalation only, using the Diskhaler device provided. Patients scheduled to take inhaled drugs, for example fast acting bronchodilators, at the same time as Relenza, should be advised to administer that drug prior to administration of Relenza (see Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use).
Special populations.

Renal impairment.

No alteration of dosage or frequency of administration is required (see Section 5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties, Pharmacokinetics in renal impairment).

Hepatic impairment.

There is currently no experience in this patient population. Zanamivir is not hepatically metabolised and no dose modification is required (see Section 5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties).

Use in the elderly.

Experience with zanamivir in the elderly (≥ 65 years) is limited. However based on the pharmacokinetic properties of zanamivir no dose modification is required (see Section 5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties).

Paediatric use.

No dose modification is required (see Section 5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties, Pharmacokinetics in paediatric patients). When zanamivir is prescribed for children, it should be used only under adult supervision.

Method of administration.

Each Relenza Rotadisk is inserted in the accompanying Diskhaler device. The medication is then inhaled through the mouth using the Diskhaler.
For instructions on preparation of the medicine before administration, see the Patient Instruction Leaflet in every pack.

4.3 Contraindications

The use of Relenza is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to any ingredient of the preparation (see Section 6.1 List of Excipients).
Relenza is contraindicated in patients with severe milk protein allergy.

4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use

Zanamivir is a specific treatment for infections due to Influenza A or B viruses. Use of zanamivir should be limited to patients who have characteristic symptoms of influenza when Influenza A or B virus infections have been documented locally.
Treatment of influenza in patients with severe asthma or other severe chronic respiratory diseases with zanamivir has not been adequately assessed due to the limited number of patients studied. In a placebo controlled study in patients with predominantly mild/ moderate asthma and/or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease there was no evidence of a difference between zanamivir and placebo in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) or peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) measured after the end of treatment. For influenza positive patients, there were small differences in favour of zanamivir in mean morning PEFR (12.9 L/min (95% CI 3.0 to 22.9 L/min) p = 0.011), and in mean evening PEFR (13.1 L/min (95% CI 3.6 to 22.7 L/min) p = 0.007).
Zanamivir inhalation powder must not be made into an extemporaneous solution for administration by nebulisation or mechanical ventilation. There have been reports of hospitalised patients with influenza who received a solution made with zanamivir inhalation powder administered by nebulisation or mechanical ventilation, including a fatal case where it was reported that the lactose in this formulation obstructed the proper functioning of the equipment. Relenza Rotadisks must only be administered using the Diskhaler device provided.

Bronchospasm.

There have been some reports of patients being treated for influenza who have experienced bronchospasm and/or decline in respiratory function after the use of zanamivir. The decline in respiratory function is considered possibly related to zanamivir although the causal relationship is difficult to assess as influenza infection can be associated with increased airways hyper-responsiveness, and in some patients concurrent medical conditions were present.
Decline in respiratory function should be considered as a potential risk when patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma are considered for treatment with zanamivir. If a decision is made to prescribe Relenza, the patient should be made aware of the risks of bronchospasm and decline in respiratory function, and should have a fast acting bronchodilator available. Patients scheduled to take inhaled bronchodilators at the same time as Relenza should be advised to use their bronchodilators before taking Relenza (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration). Any patient who experiences a decline in respiratory function and/or symptoms of bronchospasm (such as worsening wheezing and shortness of breath) after use of zanamivir should discontinue the drug and seek medical evaluation.

Neuropsychiatric events.

Influenza can be associated with a variety of neurological and behavioural symptoms which can include events such as seizures, hallucinations, delirium and abnormal behaviour, in some cases resulting in fatal outcomes. These events may occur in the setting of encephalitis or encephalopathy but can occur without obvious severe disease.
There have been postmarketing reports (mostly from Japan and in paediatric patients) of delirium and abnormal behaviour leading to injury in patients with influenza who were receiving neuraminidase inhibitors, including Relenza. Because these events were reported voluntarily during clinical practice, estimates of frequency cannot be made, but they appear to be uncommon based on usage data of Relenza. These events were reported primarily among paediatric patients and often had an abrupt onset and rapid resolution. The contribution of Relenza to these events has not been established. Patients with influenza should be closely monitored for signs of abnormal behaviour. If neuropsychiatric symptoms occur, the risks and benefits of continuing treatment should be evaluated for each patient.

Use in the elderly.

See Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration, Use in the elderly.

Paediatric use.

See Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration, Paediatric use.

Effects on laboratory tests.

No data available.

4.5 Interactions with Other Medicines and Other Forms of Interactions

The potential for clinically significant drug-drug interactions resulting from zanamivir co-administration has been evaluated in a number of in vitro screens for effects on antiviral activity and pharmacokinetic disposition. These evaluations have found that the antiviral activity of zanamivir (e.g. with aspirin, ibuprofen, paracetamol, codeine, oxymetazoline, phenylephrine, diphenhydramine, promethazine or Augmentin) as well as the renal excretion of zanamivir (e.g. with cimetidine, ibuprofen, cefuroxime, pseudoephedrine and paracetamol) is unlikely to be affected by drugs administered in influenza patients.
In vivo, zanamivir is excreted in urine as unchanged drug and zanamivir clearance closely approximates the glomerular filtration rate. Therefore, there is no evidence that zanamivir is hepatically metabolised or actively transported by renal transporters. In vitro, zanamivir is not a substrate of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) nor does it affect human transporters (organic anion, cation, or urate transporters) or cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (CYP1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4). Clinically significant interactions involving these enzymes and transporters are therefore unlikely.

4.6 Fertility, Pregnancy and Lactation

Effects on fertility.

Zanamivir had no adverse effects on fertility, reproductive performance or development of the F1 generation in the rat. Minor behavioural effects seen in F1 males at 9 and 90 mg/kg/day in the fertility study were not seen in an additional study using the same dosages and dosing throughout embryo/foetal development. There were no changes seen which were considered to be clinically relevant.
(Category B1)
There is limited experience with the use of zanamivir during pregnancy reported during clinical trials and post marketing experience. The safe use of zanamivir during pregnancy has not been established.
Zanamivir should not be used in pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, unless the possible benefit to the patient is thought to outweigh any possible risk to the foetus.
There is no information on placental transfer of zanamivir in humans. Zanamivir crosses the placenta in rats and rabbits. Thirty minutes following intravenous administration of radiolabelled zanamivir (10 mg/kg) to rats on day 12 and 19 of pregnancy, low levels of placental transfer were noted (0.04% and 0.02%, respectively). Studies of embryofetal development showed no evidence of malformations in rats or rabbits with repeated intravenous doses up to 90 mg/kg/day, nor in rats administered subcutaneous doses up to 80 mg/kg/day, three times daily, resulting in total daily systemic exposures (AUCs) in the latter study of up to 1050 times the clinical exposure.
 There is no information on secretion of zanamivir in milk in humans. In rats, the drug has been found to be secreted into milk, although this did not appear to affect the peri- and post-natal development of the offspring.
As experience is limited, the use of zanamivir in nursing mothers should be considered only if the possible benefit to the mother is thought to outweigh any possible risk to the infant.

4.7 Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines

There have been no reported effects of zanamivir on driving performance or the ability to operate machinery. Detrimental effect on such activities is not predicted from the pharmacology of the drug.

4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects)

Treatment studies.

In clinical studies, including those studies with high risk patients (the elderly, and patients with chronic medical conditions), the adverse events reported were similar in the Relenza and placebo groups. Table 1 lists common adverse events occurring at an incidence of ≥ 2% reported during treatment and post-treatment in 5 major placebo-controlled influenza treatment clinical trials in adults, irrespective of the investigator's assessment of the possible relationship to the study drug.
The percentage of patients reporting adverse events and the type during treatment and post-treatment adverse events was similar for zanamivir and placebo groups. Most common adverse events were indistinguishable from signs and symptoms of influenza-like illness. Diarrhoea, dizziness, nausea and vomiting have been reported but there was no clear causal association with study treatment in the adult studies.
The nature and frequency of reports of adverse events in children (Study NAI30009) was similar to that reported in adults. 2% of both placebo and zanamivir recipients respectively reported adverse events thought to be drug-related.

Prophylaxis studies.

Adverse events that occurred with an incidence of ≥ 1.5% in the 4 prophylaxis studies are listed in Table 2.
The frequency and nature of adverse events reported during prophylaxis for all four studies were very similar between the placebo and zanamivir groups. The most commonly reported adverse events during prophylaxis were headaches, throat and tonsil discomfort and pain, cough and nasal signs and symptoms, which are typical of the signs and symptoms of influenza and other viral respiratory infections.
There were no notable differences in the frequency and nature of adverse events between placebo and zanamivir in paediatric subgroups (ages 5 to 11 and 12 to 16 years).

High risk population.

In a treatment study in asthma and/or COPD patients (NAI30008), the proportion of patients reporting adverse events that were thought to be related to treatment was the same for both zanamivir and placebo recipients (9%).
The proportion of high risk patients reporting drug-related adverse events was the same for both zanamivir and placebo recipients (10%) when the data was combined for 8 major placebo-controlled influenza treatment clinical trials. There were 7 studies in adult, including NAI30008, and one study in paediatric patients.
Inhaled zanamivir had an acceptable safety profile in prophylactic use in high risk subjects in Study NAI30034. In general, the frequency and nature of adverse events was similar across treatment groups for subjects with each category of underlying high-risk condition.

Post-marketing experience.

The following events have been identified during post-approval use of zanamivir (Relenza) for the treatment of influenza:

General.

Very rare (< 1/10,000): allergic-type reactions, including anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions, facial and oropharyngeal oedema.

Nervous system disorders.

Very rare (< 1/10,000): vasovagal-like reactions have been reported in patients with influenza symptoms, such as fever and dehydration, shortly following inhalation of zanamivir.

Respiratory.

Very rare (< 1/10,000): bronchospasm, dyspnea.

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders.

Very rare (< 1/10,000): rash, urticaria, severe skin reactions including Erythema Multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after registration of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit-risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions at https://www.tga.gov.au/reporting-problems.

4.9 Overdose

Reports of overdoses with inhaled zanamivir have been received during post-marketing experience. The reported clinical signs or symptoms were similar to those observed with therapeutic doses of inhaled zanamivir and the underlying disease. Doses up to 96 mg/day (approximately 5 times the maximum recommended daily dose) have been administered intranasally without adverse effects. Additionally, systemic exposure following intravenous administration of up to 1200 mg/day for five days showed no adverse effect.
No specific action is required in the event of an overdose.
Further management should be as clinically indicated or as recommended by the national poisons centre. For information on the management of overdose, contact the Poison Information Centre on 131126 (Australia).

5 Pharmacological Properties

5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties

Mechanism of action.

Pharmacodynamics.

Zanamivir is a potent and highly selective inhibitor of the influenza virus surface enzyme neuraminidase. Viral neuraminidase may facilitate access of virus to cell surfaces and aid the release of newly formed virus particles from infected cells, to allow viral infection of other cells. The inhibition of this enzyme is demonstrated by both in vitro and in vivo activity against influenza A and B virus replication and encompasses all known neuraminidase subtypes of influenza A viruses.
Influenza viral replication is confined to the superficial epithelium of the respiratory tract. The activity of zanamivir is extracellular; it inhibits the release of infective influenza virions from the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, thereby reducing the propagation of both influenza A and B viruses. The efficacy of zanamivir following oral inhalation to the respiratory tract has been confirmed in clinical studies. Clinical trial data have shown that treatment of acute influenza with zanamivir produces reductions in virus shedding from the respiratory tract compared to placebo. Emergence of virus with reduced susceptibility to zanamivir in the clinical trials of zanamivir was rare.
When taken as recommended for the treatment of influenza, zanamivir alleviates and reduces the duration of influenza symptoms in patients aged 5 years and older. The efficacy of zanamivir is optimal if treatment is initiated as early as possible after symptom onset. The efficacy of zanamivir administered more than 48 hours after the onset of symptoms has not been demonstrated. When taken as recommended for the prophylaxis of influenza, it reduces the incidence of symptomatic influenza in the same population.

Drug resistance.

Influenza viruses with reduced susceptibility to zanamivir have been recovered in vitro by passage of the virus in the presence of increasing concentrations of the drug. Genetic analysis of these viruses showed that the reduced susceptibility in vitro to zanamivir is associated with mutations that result in amino acid changes in the viral neuraminidase or viral haemagglutinin or both. Even though exhibiting a drug resistant phenotype in vitro, based on in vivo studies to date, a virus with such combinations of mutations would be expected to have reduced pathogenicity and transmissibility in the clinical setting.
There has been no detectable emergence of virus to date with reduced susceptibility to zanamivir during the clinical development programme. Data obtained from in vitro studies and from clinical treatment and prophylaxis studies suggests that the potential for the development of reduced clinical susceptibility to zanamivir in the future is low.

Clinical trials.

Treatment.

Five Phase III randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicentre studies were conducted with zanamivir in the treatment of naturally acquired influenza A and B in adults and adolescents (NAIB3001, NAIA3002, NAIB3002 and NAI30008) and in children aged 5-12 years (NAI30009). The Intent to Treat population of the four adult studies and the paediatric study comprised of 2113 and 471 patients respectively, of whom 1075 adults and 224 children received 10 mg zanamivir twice daily by oral inhalation. The proportion of influenza-positive patients across the five studies, ranges from 60% to 78%. Of these, 88-91% had influenza A and 9-11% had influenza B in the adult studies. In the paediatric study, there were 65% and 35% influenza A and B cases respectively.
In the adult studies, patients aged 65 years and over, or patients with concurrent cardiovascular conditions (excluding uncomplicated hypertension), respiratory conditions, metabolic conditions, endocrine conditions or who were immunocompromised were considered more vulnerable to complications of influenza and were therefore categorised as 'High Risk' patients.
Protocols for the five studies were similar. Patients were recruited into studies when influenza was known to be circulating in the community. Eligibility of entry into study was based on the presence of feverishness (NAIB3001) or fever (NAIA3002, NAIB3002 and NAI30008) and at least two of the following: headache, myalgia, cough and sore throat. For the paediatric study (NAI30009), this was simplified to fever, with no clinical evidence of a bacterial infection. Where fever was a criterion, the requirement was temperature ≥ 37.8°C except in patients aged 65 years or older (≥ 37.2°C).
In NAIB3001 and NAI30009, patients were recruited and commenced using study medication within 36 hours of the onset of symptoms, while in NAIA3002 and NAIB3002, patients were recruited and commenced treatment within two calendar days.
The primary endpoint was identical for all four Phase III studies, i.e. time to alleviation of clinically significant signs and symptoms of influenza. Alleviation was defined as no fever (temperature < 37.8°C and feverishness score of 'none') and headache, myalgia, cough and sore throat recorded as 'none' or 'mild' and maintained for 24 hours.
Results of primary endpoint analyses for the Intent to Treat and Influenza Positive populations are shown in Table 3.
The four adult studies included 361 'High Risk' patients treated with zanamivir. Of these, 58 were aged 65 years or older. In a pooled analysis of the Influenza Positive population in the principle phase III treatment studies (NAIB3001, NAIA3002, NAIB3002 and NAI30008) the median time to alleviation of influenza symptoms was reduced by 1.5 days for patients taking Relenza as compared to placebo (p < 0.001). Complications were reduced from 208/711 (29%) of placebo patients to 171/769 (22%) of zanamivir patients (relative risk: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.65 to 0.92; p = 0.004). Use of antibiotics for treatment of complications was reduced from 136/711 (19%) of placebo patients to 110/769 (14%) of zanamivir patients (relative risk: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.60 to 0.95; p = 0.021).
In the paediatric study, median time to symptom improvement was one day shorter in patients receiving zanamivir compared with placebo. Comparable rates of development of complications were observed between the treatment groups.
Study NAI30008 enrolled patients aged 12 years and over, diagnosed with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Baseline status for influenza positive patients is shown in Table 4.
The median time to symptom improvement was 1.5 days less in patients receiving zanamivir compared with placebo. Comparable rates of development of complications were observed between the treatment groups (see Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use).
There have been no studies of treatment of influenza where treatment was commenced after 48 hours of onset of symptoms.

Prophylaxis.

The efficacy of Relenza in preventing naturally occurring influenza illness has been demonstrated in two post-exposure prophylaxis studies in households (NAIA30010 and NAI30031) and two seasonal prophylaxis studies during community outbreaks of influenza (NAIA3005 and NAI30034). The primary efficacy endpoint in these studies was the incidence of symptomatic, laboratory confirmed influenza, defined as the presence of two or more of the following symptoms: oral temperature 37.8°C or feverishness, cough, headache, sore throat and myalgia; and laboratory confirmation of influenza by culture, PCR, or seroconversion (defined as a 4-fold increase in convalescent antibody titer from baseline).
Two studies assessed post-exposure prophylaxis in household contacts once a member of the household (the index case) developed an influenza-like illness. Within 1.5 days of onset of symptoms in an index case, each household (including all family members 5 years of age) was randomized to Relenza 10 mg inhaled once daily or placebo inhaled once daily for 10 days. In the first study (NAIA30010) only, each index case was randomized to the same treatment (Relenza or placebo) as the other household members. In this study, the proportion of households with at least one new case of symptomatic influenza was reduced from 19% (32 of 168 households) with placebo to 4% (7 of 169 households) with Relenza (79% protective efficacy). In the second study (NAI30031), index cases were provided with relief medication for supportive care and the incidence of symptomatic influenza was reduced from 19% (46 of 242 households) with placebo to 4% (10 of 245 households) with Relenza (81% protective efficacy). Results were similar in the subgroups with influenza A or B.
Two seasonal prophylaxis studies assessed Relenza 10 mg inhaled once daily versus placebo inhaled once daily for 28 days during community outbreaks. In study NAIA3005, patients had to be part of a university community during an influenza outbreak, be aged 18 years or older and enter the study within 72 hours of an outbreak being declared. In this study the incidence of symptomatic influenza was reduced from 6.1% (34 of 554) with placebo to 2.0% (11 of 553) with Relenza (67% protective efficacy).
In the second study (NAI30034), community-dwelling subjects, 12 years and older, who were at high risk of complications from influenza were enrolled. High risk was defined as subjects > 65 years of age, subjects with diabetes mellitus and subjects with chronic disorders of the pulmonary or cardiovascular systems. The study was conducted during a season with low influenza activity. Despite this, the study demonstrated statistically significant protective benefit in subjects who received Relenza. The incidence of symptomatic influenza was reduced from 1.4% (23 of 1,685) with placebo to 0.2% (4 of 1,678) with Relenza (83% protective efficacy).
Results of the primary efficacy endpoint analysis are presented for the Intent to Treat population for each of the studies are shown in Tables 5 and 6.
Two prophylaxis studies conducted in a nursing home setting assessed Relenza 10 mg once daily for 14 days compared with standard of care in the prevention of influenza infection. In study NAIA3003 standard of care was rimantadine for influenza A and placebo for influenza B. In study NAIA3004 standard of care was placebo. There was no upper age limit, and once an influenza outbreak was declared in the nursing home, study treatment was initiated. The primary endpoint for both studies was the proportion of subjects who during prophylaxis developed a new sign or symptom and had laboratory confirmation of influenza. The results of Study NAIA3003 showed a trend toward efficacy against an active comparator, although the results did not reach statistical significance (protective efficacy 56%, p-value 0.085). The results of Study NAIA3004 did not demonstrate significant protective efficacy (protective efficacy 29%, p-value 0.355).

5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties

Absorption.

Pharmacokinetic studies in man following inhalation of zanamivir suggest that approximately 4-17% of the dose is absorbed into the systemic circulation. Serum zanamivir concentrations generally peak within 1-2 hours.

Distribution.

After oral inhalation, zanamivir is widely deposited in the respiratory tract mucosa, thus delivering the drug to the site of influenza infection. The two major sites of deposition are the oropharynx and the lungs (mean 77.6% and 13.2%, respectively). Following twice daily administration of zanamivir 10 mg by oral inhalation, the median trough concentrations of zanamivir measured at the epithelial layer of the airways (the major sites of influenza viral replication) ranged from 326 nanogram/mL to 891 nanogram/mL. These trough concentrations are multiple-fold in excess of the in vitro IC50 (< 1 to 2.6 nanogram/mL) values for influenza virus neuraminidase for various influenza A (N1 and N2 subtypes) and B viruses. Despite a large proportion of the inhaled dose being swallowed, the absolute oral bioavailability is low (about 2%) and swallowed drug does not contribute significantly to systemic exposure. As an index of systemic absorption, between 3.8% to 17% (median values) of the inhaled dose as dry powder via Diskhaler was excreted unchanged in the urine. There is no evidence of modification in kinetics after repeated dosing with inhaled administration. The plasma protein binding of zanamivir is low, less than 10%, as shown by in vitro assay in the presence of 0.5 and 10 micrograms/mL zanamivir.

Metabolism.

Animal and human studies show that zanamivir is excreted as unchanged drug. Chromatographic profiling of urine samples from rats, dogs and rabbits show no evidence of biotransformation. These findings indicate that zanamivir does not undergo metabolism.

Excretion.

The median serum half-life of zanamivir following intravenous administration ranges from 1.5 to 3.1 hours. The delayed serum half-life following oral inhalation (range 2.5 to 5.1 hours) reflects slow systemic absorption by this route. Zanamivir is excreted unchanged in the urine. Total clearance ranges from 2.5 to 10.9 L/h as approximated by urinary clearance. Elimination is complete within 24 hours.

Pharmacokinetics in renal impairment.

Dose modification is not required.
Drug clearance is proportional to creatinine clearance; a 50% reduction in renal clearance results in a corresponding 50% reduction in serum clearance of zanamivir. In a single dose study with intravenous zanamivir (2 mg or 4 mg), in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 25 mL/min), systemic exposure to zanamivir was increased approximately 7-fold relative to patients with normal renal function. However, oral inhalation results in very low systemic exposure (approximately 4 to 17% of the dose administered) and in studies much higher systemic exposure (600 mg IV for 5 days) was well tolerated.

Pharmacokinetics in paediatric patients.

In an open label single dose study the pharmacokinetics of zanamivir have been evaluated in twenty-four children aged 3 months to 12 years using nebulised (10 mg) and dry powder (10 mg) inhalation formulations. Six patients had either undetectable zanamivir concentrations or had low drug concentrations after 1.5 hours. Eleven patients, aged 5 to 12 years, administered the dry powder formulation had Cmax median values of 43 nanogram/mL (range 15 to 74) and AUC∞ median values of 167 nanogram.hour/mL (range 58 to 279).

5.3 Preclinical Safety Data

Genotoxicity.

Zanamivir was not genotoxic in standard assays for gene mutation (i.e. Ames test, mouse lymphoma cell) or chromosomal damage (human peripheral lymphocyte and mouse micronucleus assay).

Carcinogenicity.

In 2 year rat and mouse oncogenicity studies of aerosolised zanamivir administration, resulting in maximum systemic exposures of 17x and 19x respectively, of the clinical exposure, there were no neoplastic findings considered related to study drug treatment. In male rats, the incidence of lymphomas was slightly higher for the high dose group (approximately 30-50 mg/kg/day) compared to the control group; there was no dose relationship. Studies in mice and female rats exposed to similar aerosol concentrations of zanamivir showed no increase in lymphoma incidence.

6 Pharmaceutical Particulars

6.1 List of Excipients

Lactose monohydrate.

6.2 Incompatibilities

Incompatibilities were either not assessed or not identified as part of the registration of this medicine.

6.3 Shelf Life

In Australia, information on the shelf life can be found on the public summary of the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG). The expiry date can be found on the packaging.

6.4 Special Precautions for Storage

Store below 30°C.

6.5 Nature and Contents of Container

Each Relenza Rotadisk consists of a circular foil disk with four regularly distributed blisters each containing 5 mg of zanamivir and 20 mg of lactose monohydrate.
The registered pack sizes are:
20 (5 Rotadisks x 4 blisters) with Diskhaler.
28 (7 Rotadisks x 4 blisters) with Diskhaler.
20 (5 Rotadisks x 4 blisters) with Diskhaler.
4 (1 Rotadisk x 4 blisters) (physician sample).
60 (15 Rotadisks x 4 blisters) with Diskhaler.
4 (1 Rotadisk x 4 blisters) with Diskhaler.
Not all pack sizes may be distributed in Australia.

6.6 Special Precautions for Disposal

In Australia, any unused medicine or waste material should be disposed of by taking to your local pharmacy.

6.7 Physicochemical Properties

Chemically, zanamivir is 5-(acetylamino)-4-[(aminoiminomethyl) amino]-2,6-anhydro- 3,4,5-trideoxy-D-glycero- D-galacto-non-2-enonic acid.
The molecular formula of zanamivir is C12H20N4O7 and the relative molecular mass is 332.3.

Chemical structure.


CAS number.

139110-80-8.

7 Medicine Schedule (Poisons Standard)

S4.

Summary Table of Changes