Consumer medicine information

Adenosine Juno

Adenosine

BRAND INFORMATION

Brand name

Adenosine Juno

Active ingredient

Adenosine

Schedule

SUMMARY CMI

ADENOSINE JUNO

Consumer Medicine Information (CMI) summary

The full CMI on the next page has more details. If you are worried about using this medicine, speak to your doctor or pharmacist.

1. Why am I using ADENOSINE JUNO?

Adenosine Juno contains the active ingredient adenosine. Adenosine Juno is used as an aid to doctors, to understand how your heart is working. Adenosine Juno is used during radionuclide imaging of your heart.

For more information, see Section 1. Why am I using Adenosine Juno? in the full CMI.

2. What should I know before I use Adenosine Juno?

Do not use if you have ever had an allergic reaction to Adenosine Juno or any of the ingredients listed at the end of the CMI.

Talk to your doctor if you have any other medical conditions, take any other medicines, or are pregnant or plan to become pregnant or are breastfeeding.

For more information, see Section 2. What should I know before I use Adenosine Juno? in the full CMI.

3. What if I am taking other medicines?

Some medicines may interfere with Adenosine Juno and affect how it works.

A list of these medicines is in Section 3. What if I am taking other medicines? in the full CMI.

4. How do I use Adenosine Juno?

Adenosine Juno will only be given to you in hospital.
Adenosine Juno will be given to you as an injection.

More instructions can be found in Section 4. How do I use Adenosine Juno? in the full CMI.

5. What should I know while using Adenosine Juno?

Things you should do	Remind any doctor, dentist or pharmacist you visit that you have been given Adenosine Juno.
Things you should not do	Do not eat or drink food or drinks containing caffeine (e.g. coffee, tea, chocolate or cola) for at least 12 hours before you receive your injection.
Looking after your medicine	Adenosine Juno is stored in the pharmacy or on the ward. Adenosine Juno is kept in a cool, dry place where the temperature stays below 25°C. Not to be refrigerated.

For more information, see Section 5. What should I know while using Adenosine Juno? in the full CMI.

6. Are there any side effects?

There are a number of side effects associated with this medicine. It is important to be aware of them so that you can identify any symptoms if they occur (see the full CMI for more details).

For more information, including what to do if you have any side effects, see Section 6. Are there any side effects? in the full CMI.

FULL CMI

ADENOSINE JUNO

Active ingredient: adenosine

Consumer Medicine Information (CMI)

This leaflet provides important information about using Adenosine Juno. You should also speak to your doctor or pharmacist if you would like further information or if you have any concerns or questions about using Adenosine Juno.

Where to find information in this leaflet:

1. Why am I using Adenosine Juno?
2. What should I know before I use Adenosine Juno?
3. What if I am taking other medicines?
4. How do I use Adenosine Juno?
5. What should I know while using Adenosine Juno?
6. Are there any side effects?
7. Product details

1. Why am I using Adenosine Juno?

Adenosine Juno contains the active ingredient adenosine.

Adenosine Juno is used as an aid to doctors, to understand how your heart is working. Adenosine Juno is used during radionuclide imaging of your heart.

Adenosine Juno is given to you before the radionuclide (the agent which allows them to see your heart).

Adenosine Juno works by opening up your heart's blood vessels to allow blood to flow more freely and can then be seen more clearly by doctors.

Adenosine Juno is only given in hospitals. It is given to you as an injection.

Your doctor, however, may prescribe Adenosine Juno for another purpose.

Ask your doctor if you have any questions about why it has been prescribed for you.

This medicine is only available with a doctor's prescription.

This medicine is not addictive.

2. What should I know before I use Adenosine Juno?

Warnings

Do not receive Adenosine Juno if:

are allergic to it or any of the ingredients listed at the end of this leaflet.
have asthma or any other lung disease
have recently had a heart transplant
have some other problems with your heart or heart rhythm
have severe low blood pressure.

Tell your doctor if:

you have allergies to any of the ingredients listed at the end of this leaflet
you have allergies to any other medicines including:
theophylline or aminophylline
dipyridamole
carbamazepine
you have allergies to any other substance, such as foods, preservatives or dyes

Some symptoms of an allergic reaction include skin rash, itching, shortness of breath or swelling of the face, lips or tongue, which may cause difficulty in swallowing or breathing.

Tell your doctor if you eat or drink large amounts of food or drinks containing caffeine (e.g. coffee, tea, chocolate or cola).

During treatment, you may be at risk of developing certain side effects. It is important you understand these risks and how to monitor for them. See additional information under Section 6. Are there any side effects?

Tell your doctor if you have or have had any medical conditions, especially the following:

a history of heart problems including problems with your blood pressure
a history of epilepsy or seizures
asthma or any other lung disease

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or intend to become pregnant.

Like most medicines of this kind, Adenosine Juno is not recommended to be used during pregnancy. Your doctor or pharmacist will discuss the risks and benefits of being given it if you are pregnant.

Talk to your doctor if you are breastfeeding or intend to breastfeed.

It is not known whether Adenosine Juno passes into breast milk. Your doctor or pharmacist will discuss the risks and benefits of being given it if you are breastfeeding or planning to breastfeed.

3. What if I am taking other medicines?

Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking any other medicines, including any medicines, vitamins or supplements that you buy without a prescription from your pharmacy, supermarket or health food shop.

Some medicines may be affected by Adenosine Juno. These include:

theophylline or aminophylline, medicines used to help relieve breathing problems
dipyridamole, a medicine used for people who have had a stroke
carbamazepine, a medicine used to treat epilepsy and seizures

These medicines may be affected by Adenosine Juno, or may affect how well it works. You may need to use different amounts of your medicine, or take different medicines. Your doctor or pharmacist will advise you.

Your doctor or pharmacist has more information on medicines to be careful with or to avoid while being given Adenosine Juno.

Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you are not sure about what medicines, vitamins or supplements you are taking and if these affect Adenosine Juno.

4. How do I use Adenosine Juno?

How much is given

The dosage of Adenosine Juno is calculated according to your weight. The recommended dose in adults is 140 micrograms/kg/min given for six minutes (total dose will be 0.84 mg/kg).
After three minutes of the Adenosine Juno infusion you will be given the required dose of the radionuclide (imaging agent). This will also be given to you by injection.

When to receive Adenosine Juno

Do not eat or drink food or drinks containing caffeine (e.g. coffee, tea, chocolate or cola) for at least 12 hours before you receive your injection.

How to give Adenosine Juno

Adenosine Juno will only be given to you in hospital.
Adenosine Juno will be given to you as an injection.

If you receive too much Adenosine Juno

As Adenosine Juno is given to you under the supervision of a doctor, it is very unlikely that you will receive too much.

However, if you experience any unexpected or worrying side effects after being given Adenosine Juno and think you have been given too much, you should immediately:

phone the Poisons Information Centre
(by calling 13 11 26), or
contact your doctor, or
go to the Emergency Department at your nearest hospital.

You should do this even if there are no signs of discomfort or poisoning.

5. What should I know while using Adenosine Juno?

Things you should not do

Do not eat or drink food or drinks containing caffeine (e.g. coffee, tea, chocolate or cola) for at least 12 hours before you receive your injection.

After being given Adenosine Juno

If you have any queries about any aspects of your medicine, or any questions regarding this leaflet, discuss them with your doctor, nurse or pharmacist.

Looking after your medicine

Adenosine Juno is stored in the pharmacy or on the ward.
Adenosine Juno is kept in a cool, dry place where the temperature stays below 25°C.
Not to be refrigerated.

6. Are there any side effects?

All medicines can have side effects. If you do experience any side effects, most of them are minor and temporary. However, some side effects may need medical attention.

Do not be alarmed by this list of possible side effects. You may not experience any of them.

Tell your doctor or nurse as soon as possible if you do not feel well while you are being given Adenosine Juno.

It helps most people with heart problems, but it may have unwanted side effects in a few people.

See the information below and, if you need to, ask your doctor or pharmacist if you have any further questions about side effects.

Less serious side effects

Less serious side effects	What to do
facial flushing shortness of breath a feeling of tightness across the chest nausea or stomach pain a dry mouth a tingling sensation in your arms or legs headache dizziness and lightheadedness discomfort in the throat, neck or jaw a burning sensation	Speak to your doctor if you have any of these less serious side effects and they worry you.

Serious side effects

Serious side effects	What to do
irregular or slow heartbeat problems with your breathing spasm of the artery in the heart which may lead to a heart attack	Tell your doctor or nurse immediately.
Swelling of the face, lips mouth or throat, which may cause difficulty in swallowing or breathing Rash, itching or hives on the skin	Stop receiving this medicine and tell your doctor immediately.

Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you notice anything else that may be making you feel unwell.

Other side effects not listed here may occur in some people.

Reporting side effects

After you have received medical advice for any side effects you experience, you can report side effects to the Therapeutic Goods Administration online at www.tga.gov.au/reporting-problems. By reporting side effects, you can help provide more information on the safety of this medicine.

Always make sure you speak to your doctor or pharmacist before you decide to stop taking any of your medicines.

7. Product details

This medicine is only available with a doctor's prescription.

What Adenosine Juno contains

Active ingredient (main ingredient)	adenosine 30 mg
Other ingredients (inactive ingredients)	sodium chloride water for injections
Potential allergens	NA

Adenosine Juno does not contain gluten, sucrose, lactose, tartrazine or any other azo dyes.

Do not take this medicine if you are allergic to any of these ingredients.

What Adenosine Juno looks like

Adenosine Juno is a clear colourless solution that comes in a glass vial.

Each box of Adenosine Juno contains 6 vials.

AUST R 293816.

Who distributes Adenosine Juno

Juno Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd
15 – 17 Chapel Street,
Cremorne, VIC 3121
Australia
www.junopharm.com.au

For Medicinal information please call 1800 620 076

This leaflet was prepared in November 2024.

Published by MIMS January 2025

BRAND INFORMATION

Brand name

Adenosine Juno

Active ingredient

Adenosine

Schedule

1 Name of Medicine

Adenosine.

2 Qualitative and Quantitative Composition

Adenosine Juno is a sterile solution for intravenous infusion, provided in clear glass vials. Each vial contains 30 mg of adenosine in 10 mL of a 0.9% w/v solution of sodium chloride in sterile water for injections. The pH is between 4.5 and 7.5.
For the full list of excipients, see Section 6.1 List of Excipients.

3 Pharmaceutical Form

Adenosine is a white crystalline powder slightly soluble in water.

4 Clinical Particulars

4.1 Therapeutic Indications

Intravenous Adenosine Juno is a coronary vasodilator for use in conjunction with radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging, in patients unable to exercise adequately.

4.2 Dose and Method of Administration

Adenosine Juno is intended for use in hospitals, where facilities for cardiac monitoring and resuscitation are available. Product is for single use in one patient only. Discard any residue.

Diagnostic dose.

Adults.

1. Adenosine Juno should be administered undiluted as a continuous peripheral intravenous infusion at a dose of 140 microgram/kg/minute over fixed time interval of six minutes (total dose 0.84 mg/kg) using an infusion pump. Separate venous sites for Adenosine Juno and radionuclide administration are recommended to avoid an adenosine bolus effect.
2. After three minutes of Adenosine Juno infusion, the radionuclide is injected.
3. Heart rate and blood pressure should be recorded at 1 minute intervals, and ECG should be monitored continuously during Adenosine Juno infusion. To avoid an adenosine bolus effect, blood pressure should be measured in the arm opposite to the Adenosine Juno infusion.
Table 1 is given as a guide for adjustment of the infusion rate of undiluted Adenosine Juno, in line with bodyweight (total dose 0.84 mg/kg).

Children.

In the absence of data, the use of Adenosine Juno in children cannot be recommended.

Elderly.

See dosage recommendations for adults.

4.3 Contraindications

Adenosine Juno is contraindicated for patients with:
known hypersensitivity to adenosine;
sick sinus syndrome, second or third degree A-V block (except in patients with a functioning artificial pacemaker);
chronic obstructive lung disease (such as asthma);
long QT syndrome;
severe hypotension; decompensated states of heart failure;
unstable angina not successfully stabilised with medical therapy;
concomitant use of dipyridamole (see Section 4.5 Interactions with Other Medicines and Other Forms of Interactions).

4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use

Adenosine is intended for use by physicians familiar with the product (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration) in a hospital setting with monitoring and cardiorespiratory resuscitation equipment available for immediate use if necessary.
The occurrence of angina, severe bradycardia, severe hypotension, respiratory failure (potentially fatal), or asystole/cardiac arrest (potentially fatal), should lead to immediate discontinuation of administration.
In patients with history of convulsions/seizures, the administration of adenosine should be carefully monitored.
As dipyridamole is a known inhibitor of adenosine uptake, it may potentiate the action of adenosine administration. The use of adenosine infusion is contraindicated in patients receiving dipyridamole (see Section 4.3 Contraindications). If use of adenosine bolus injection (Adenocor) is judged to be essential, dipyridamole should be discontinued 24 hours beforehand, or the dose of adenosine should be significantly reduced.

Myocardial infarction and life threatening ventricular arrhythmias.

Nonfatal myocardial infarction and sustained ventricular tachycardia (requiring resuscitation) have been reported coincident with adenosine infusion. Adenosine should be used with caution in patients with unstable angina or recent myocardial infarction.

Post heart transplantation.

In patients with recent heart transplantation (less than 1 year) an increased sensitivity of the heart to adenosine has been observed. Adenosine should be used with caution in such cases.

Sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodal block.

Adenosine exerts a direct depressant effect on the S-A and A-V nodes and has the potential to cause first, second or third degree A-V block, or sinus bradycardia. Approximately 6.3% of patients develop A-V block with adenosine, including first degree (2.9%), second degree (2.6%) and third degree (0.8%) heart block. All episodes of A-V block have been asymptomatic, transient, and did not require intervention.
Adenosine should be used with caution in patients with heart failure, or in patients with minor conduction defects (first degree A-V block, bundle branch block) that could be transiently aggravated during infusion. Adenosine should also be avoided in patients with high grade A-V block or sinus node dysfunction (except in patients with a functioning artificial pacemaker). Adenosine should be discontinued in any patient who develops persistent or symptomatic high grade A-V block. If first degree A-V block occurs, the patient should be carefully observed for progression to a higher degree of block. Sinus pause has been rarely observed with adenosine infusions.

Bradycardia.

Some cases of severe bradycardia have been reported. Some occurred in early post heart transplant patients; in other cases, occult sinoatrial disease was present. The occurrence of severe bradycardia should be taken as a warning of underlying disease and could potentially favour the occurrence of torsades de pointes.

Atrial fibrillation.

Adenosine should be used with caution in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter and especially in those with an accessory pathway since particularly the latter may develop increased conduction down the anomalous pathway.

Hypotension.

Adenosine is a potent peripheral vasodilator and can cause significant hypotension. Patients with an intact baroreceptor reflex mechanism are able to maintain blood pressure and tissue perfusion in response to adenosine by increasing heart rate and cardiac output. However, adenosine should be used with caution in patients with autonomic dysfunction, stenotic valvular heart disease, left to right shunt, left main coronary artery stenosis, pericarditis or pericardial effusions, stenotic carotid artery disease with cerebrovascular insufficiency, severe heart failure or uncorrected hypovolaemia, due to the risk of hypotensive complications in these patients. Adenosine should be discontinued in any patient who develops persistent or symptomatic hypotension.

Hypertension.

Increases in systolic and diastolic pressure have been observed (as great as 140 mmHg systolic in one case) concomitant with adenosine infusion: most increases resolved spontaneously within several minutes, but in some cases, hypertension lasted for several hours.

Bronchoconstriction.

Adenosine is a respiratory stimulant (probably through activation of carotid body chemoreceptors) and intravenous administration in man has been shown to increase minute ventilation (V_E) and reduce arterial PCO₂ causing respiratory alkalosis. Approximately 28% of patients experience breathlessness (dyspnoea) or an urge to breathe deeply with adenosine. These respiratory complaints are transient and only rarely require intervention.
Adenosine administered by inhalation has been reported to cause bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients, presumably due to mast cell degranulation and histamine release. These effects have not been observed in normal subjects. Adenosine has been administered to a limited number of patients with asthma and mild to moderate exacerbation of their symptoms has been reported.
Respiratory compromise has occurred during adenosine infusion in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease. Adenosine should be used with caution in patients with obstructive lung disease not associated with bronchoconstriction (e.g. emphysema, bronchitis, etc) and should be avoided in patients with bronchoconstriction or bronchospasm (e.g. asthma). Adenosine should be discontinued in any patient who develops severe respiratory difficulties.
Adenosine may precipitate or aggravate bronchospasm.

Carcinogenesis, mutagenesis and impairment of fertility.

Studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of adenosine. Adenosine tested negative for mutation in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay. Adenosine, like other nucleosides at millimolar concentrations present for several doubling times of cells in culture, is known to produce a variety of chromosomal alterations. In rats and mice, adenosine administered IP once a day for 5 days at 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg caused decreased spermatogenesis and increased numbers of abnormal sperm.

Use in the elderly.

No data available.

Paediatric use.

The safety and effectiveness of adenosine in patients less than 18 years of age have not been established.

Effects on laboratory tests.

No data available.

4.5 Interactions with Other Medicines and Other Forms of Interactions

Adenosine has been safely and effectively administered in the presence of other cardioactive drugs such as digitalis, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, and calcium channel antagonists. Because of the potential for additive or synergistic depressant effects on the S-A and A-V nodes, however, adenosine should be used with caution in the presence of these agents.
Adenosine may interact with drugs that tend to impair cardiac conduction.
Aminophylline, theophylline and other xanthines are competitive adenosine antagonists and should be avoided for 24 hours prior to the administration of adenosine.
Food and drinks containing xanthines (e.g. tea, coffee, chocolate and cola) should be avoided for at least 12 hours prior to the administration of adenosine. Nucleoside transport inhibitors such as dipyridamole inhibit adenosine cellular uptake and metabolism, and potentiate the action of adenosine. In one study dipyridamole was shown to produce a fourfold increase in adenosine activity. The use of adenosine infusion is contraindicated in patients receiving dipyridamole (see Section 4.3 Contraindications). If the use of adenosine bolus injection is judged to be essential, dipyridamole should be discontinued 24 hours beforehand or the dose of adenosine bolus injection should be significantly reduced.
Whenever possible, drugs that might inhibit or augment the effects of adenosine should be withheld for at least five half-lives prior to the use of adenosine.

4.6 Fertility, Pregnancy and Lactation

Effects on fertility.

No data available.
(Category B2)
Animal reproductive studies have not been conducted with adenosine, nor have studies been performed on pregnant women. In the absence of evidence that adenosine does not cause foetal harm, adenosine should not be used during pregnancy unless the physician considers the benefits outweigh the potential risks.
Studies have not been performed in lactating animals or women. Therefore, adenosine should not be used during lactation. If adenosine treatment is considered essential by the physician, another form of infant feeding should be considered.

4.7 Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines

The effects of this medicine on a person's ability to drive and use machines were not assessed as part of this registration.

4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects)

The following reactions with an incidence of at least 1% were reported with adenosine continuous intravenous infusion among 1421 patients enrolled in controlled and uncontrolled U.S. clinical trials. Despite the short half-life of adenosine, 10.6% of the side effects occurred not with the infusion of adenosine but several hours after the infusion terminated. Also, 8.4% of the side effects that began coincident with the infusion persisted for up to 24 hours after the infusion was complete. In many cases, it is not possible to know whether these late adverse events are the result of adenosine infusion.
These adverse reactions have been classified using standard terminology and are categorised by body system. They are listed in order of decreasing frequency according to the following definitions.
Very common: ≥ 1/10 (10%); common: ≥ 1/100 (1%) and < 1/10 (10%); uncommon: ≥ 1/1000 (0.1%) and < 1/100 (1%); rare: ≥ 1/10,000 (0.01%) and < 1/1000 (0.1%); very rare: < 1/10,000 (0.01%); not known: (cannot be estimated from available data).

Cardiovascular system.

Common: bradycardia, hypotension, sometimes severe; ST segment depression on ECG; sustained or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia; A-V block.
Uncommon: bradycardia, sometimes severe.
Not known: sinus tachycardia; atrial fibrillation; ventricular fibrillation; asystole/cardiac arrest, sometimes fatal, especially in patients with underlying ischemic heart disease/cardiac disorder; MI/ST segment elevation, especially in patients with pre-existing severe CAD; cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attack, secondary to the hemodynamic effects of adenosine including hypotension; arteriospasm coronary which may lead to myocardial infarction.

Respiratory system.

Very common: dyspnoea (or the urge to take breathe deeply). Rare: bronchospasm; nasal congestion. Very rare: respiratory failure.
Not known: apnoea/respiratory arrest.

Central nervous system.

Very common: headache. Common: dizziness, light headedness; paraesthesia. Rare: tremor; drowsiness.
Not known: loss of consciousness/syncope; convulsions, especially in predisposed patients.

Gastrointestinal system.

Very common: abdominal discomfort. Common: dry mouth. Uncommon: metallic taste.
Not known: nausea, vomiting.

Other.

Very common: flushing; chest pressure/pain, feeling of thoracic constriction/oppression. Uncommon: sweating; feeling of general discomfort/weakness/pain; nervousness. Rare: blurred vision; tinnitus; urinary urgency; nipple discomfort. Very rare: injection site reactions.
Not known: anaphylactic reaction (including angioedema and skin reactions such as urticaria and rash).

Postmarketing experience.

In postmarket clinical experience with adenosine, sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular fibrillation have been reported. Cases of asystole/cardiac arrest, sometimes fatal, especially in patients with underlying ischaemic heart disease/cardiac disorder have been reported (see Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use).
Loss of consciousness/syncope, and convulsions especially in predisposed patients have been reported (see Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use).
Apnoea/respiratory arrest, and respiratory failure (see Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use) have been reported. Cases of fatal outcome of respiratory failure, of bronchospasm, and of apnoea/respiratory arrest have also been reported.
Cases of nausea and/or vomiting have been reported.
More rarely observed side effects have included palpitations, hyperventilation, discomfort in the leg, arm or back. Severe bradycardia has been reported and some patients have required temporary pacing. The effects of adenosine are not blocked by atropine. Asystole, respiratory failure and injection site reactions have been reported very rarely.
Myocardial infarction and ST segment elevation have been reported, especially in patients with pre-existing severe coronary artery disease.
There have been reports of cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attack, secondary to the hemodynamic effects of adenosine including hypotension.
Anaphylactic reactions including angioedema and skin reactions such as urticaria and rash have been reported.

Reporting suspected adverse effects.

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after registration of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit-risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions at http://www.tga.gov.au/reporting-problems.

4.9 Overdose

As the half-life of adenosine is very short (less than 10 seconds), adverse effects of adenosine are generally rapidly self-limiting. Methylxanthines, such as caffeine and theophylline, and aminophylline are competitive antagonists of adenosine. Intravenous aminophylline or theophylline may be needed.
Contact the Poisons Information Centre (telephone 131126) for advice on management of overdosage.
For information on the management of overdose, contact the Poisons Information Centre on 13 11 26 (Australia).

5 Pharmacological Properties

5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties

Mechanism of action.

Adenosine is a potent vasodilator in most vascular beds, except in renal afferent arterioles and hepatic veins where it produces vasoconstriction. Adenosine is thought to exert its pharmacological effects through activation of purine receptors (cell surface A₁ and A₂ adenosine receptors).
Although the exact mechanism by which adenosine receptor activation relaxes vascular smooth muscle is not known, there is evidence to support both inhibition of the slow inward calcium current reducing calcium uptake and activation of adenylate cyclase through A₂ receptors in smooth muscle cells. Adenosine may also lessen vascular tone by modulating sympathetic neurotransmission. The intracellular uptake of adenosine is mediated by a specific transmembrane nucleoside transport system. Once inside the cell, adenosine is rapidly phosphorylated by adenosine kinase to adenosine monophosphate, or deaminated by adenosine deaminase to inosine. These intracellular metabolites of adenosine are not vasoactive.
Myocardial uptake of thallium-201 is directly proportional to coronary blood flow. Since adenosine significantly increases blood flow in normal coronary arteries with little or no increase in stenotic arteries, adenosine causes relatively less thallium-201 uptake in vascular territories supplied by stenotic coronary arteries i.e. a greater difference is seen after adenosine between areas served by normal vessels and areas served by stenotic vessels than is seen prior to adenosine.

Haemodynamics.

Adenosine produces a direct negative chronotropic, dromotropic and inotropic effect on the heart, presumably due to A₁-receptor agonism, and produces peripheral vasodilatation, presumably due to A₂-receptor agonism. The net effect of adenosine in humans is typically a mild to moderate reduction in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure associated with a reflex increase in heart rate. Rarely, significant hypotension and tachycardia have been observed.

Clinical trials.

The use of adenosine as a coronary vasodilator for use in radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging was demonstrated in two pivotal active controlled crossover studies. Additional supporting data for both efficacy and safety are available in both published and unpublished studies.
The pivotal studies were conducted in 319 patients in 18 centres. Intravenous adenosine was compared to exercise in noninvasive assessment of coronary artery disease by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). In healthy subjects and patients with proven coronary artery disease adenosine was infused at 140 microgram/kg/minute over 6 minutes. Thallium-201 was given at the midpoint of the infusion. All subjects also underwent standard exercise testing with thallium-201 given one minute prior to the end of the test. Adenosine and exercise thallium images were compared by blinded observers. The images were concordant for the presence of perfusion defects in 85.5% of cases by global analysis (patient by patient) and up to 93% of cases based on vascular territories. These studies confirmed that adenosine infused at a dose of 140 microgram/kg/minute over 6 minutes produced tomographic cardiac images comparable to exercise thallium. In neither of these studies were other dosage regimens of adenosine nor other imaging agents used.
However, in a safety study designed to resemble the actual clinical setting for use of adenosine in radionuclide myocardial perfusion over 14,000 patients were infused with adenosine. In this study thallium-201 was used in approximately 80% of patients, whilst other imaging agents such as technetium 99m-sestamibi, nitrogen-13 and rubidium accounted for approximately 14%, 3% and less than 1% of usage respectively. Imaging was successfully completed in over 98% of the patients and the safety of adenosine with these imaging agents demonstrated. Again the dose of adenosine infused in this study was 140 microgram/kg/minute over 6 minutes.
A dose finding study, using intracoronary Doppler flow catheter measurements, demonstrated that intravenous adenosine given at a dose of 140 microgram/kg/minute produced greater coronary artery dilatation than lower doses. Higher doses were not studied.

5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties

Pharmacokinetics.

Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside which is present in various forms in all cells of the body. It is an essential component of the energy production and utilisation systems of the body.
Adenosine has properties which make it essentially impossible to perform classic ADME studies in man. As a result of an extremely efficient reuptake system in the body, the half-life of intravenously administered adenosine is estimated to be less than 10 seconds. In addition, because adenosine is present in every cell of the body, any administered dose is minute in comparison to the existing body pool.
The metabolic pathways for adenosine have been clearly defined by many investigators. Adenosine may be converted to its base, adenine, and then to AMP; or directly to AMP. Adenosine may also be deaminated to inosine and then converted to AMP. Under normal circumstances, adenosine is generated by the breakdown of ATP and by biosynthesis in the liver. It has been suggested that the erythrocytes serve as the transporting vehicle to move adenosine from the liver to those tissues which do not synthesise it. The basic biochemical pathways seem to be the same in all animals, although the relative participation of the various enzymes involved may vary from tissue to tissue.
As might be anticipated for such a biologically important compound, a very efficient system exists to conserve and recycle adenosine in the body. The so called salvage system for free adenosine in the body is very extensive and effective. The major components of this system appear to be the endothelial cells of the blood vessels and the erythrocytes themselves. An intravenous injection of adenosine, therefore, is placed directly in contact with those cells which most avidly take it up and convert it to a derivative. The in vitro half-life of adenosine in whole blood has been estimated to be 9.5 seconds. However, the actual half-life after an intravenous injection is probably shorter than this, since no endothelial cells were present in the blood experimental system.
As adenosine requires no hepatic or renal function for its activation or inactivation, hepatic and renal failure would not be expected to alter its effectiveness or tolerability.

5.3 Preclinical Safety Data

Genotoxicity.

No data available.

Carcinogenicity.

No data available.

6 Pharmaceutical Particulars

6.1 List of Excipients

Sodium chloride, water for injection.

6.2 Incompatibilities

Incompatibilities were either not assessed or not identified as part of the registration of this medicine.

6.3 Shelf Life

In Australia, information on the shelf life can be found on the public summary of the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG). The expiry date can be found on the packaging.

6.4 Special Precautions for Storage

Store below 25°C. Do not refrigerate.

6.5 Nature and Contents of Container

Adenosine Juno 30 mg/10 mL is a clear colourless solution free from visible particles filled in 10 mL, clear glass vial, stoppered with 13 mm red or grey colour serum chlorobutyl stopper and sealed with flip off aluminium seals.
Pack sizes: 5, 6 and 10.

6.6 Special Precautions for Disposal

Product is for single use in one patient only. Discard any residue.

6.7 Physicochemical Properties

Chemical name: 6-amino-9-β-D- ribofuranosyl-9H-purine.

Service Unavailable

Consumer medicine information

Adenosine Juno

Adenosine

Keep track of your medicines

BRAND INFORMATION