Consumer medicine information

AMARYL

Glimepiride

BRAND INFORMATION

Brand name

Amaryl

Active ingredient

Glimepiride

Schedule

S4

 

Consumer medicine information (CMI) leaflet

Please read this leaflet carefully before you start using AMARYL.

What is in this leaflet

This leaflet answers some common questions about Amaryl.

It does not contain all the available information. It does not take the place of talking to your doctor, pharmacist or diabetes educator.

All medicines have risks and benefits. Your doctor has weighed the risks of you taking Amaryl against the benefits they expect it will have for you.

If you have any concerns about taking this medicine, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

Keep this leaflet with the medicine. You may need to read it again.

What Amaryl is used for

Amaryl is used to control blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Amaryl is used when healthy eating and increased physical activity are not enough to control your blood glucose.

Amaryl can be used alone, or together with insulin or other medicines for treating diabetes.

How it works

Amaryl lowers high blood glucose by increasing the amount of insulin produced by your pancreas.

Amaryl belongs to a group of medicines called sulfonylureas.

If your blood glucose in not controlled properly, you may experience hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose - a "hypo") or hyperglycaemia (high blood glucose).

Low blood glucose can occur suddenly. Signs may include:

  • weakness, trembling or shaking
  • sweating
  • lightheadedness, dizziness, headache or lack of concentration
  • tearfulness or crying
  • irritability
  • hunger
  • numbness around the lips and tongue

If not treated promptly, these may progress to:

  • loss of co-ordination
  • slurred speech
  • confusion
  • loss of consciousness or seizures

High blood glucose usually occurs more slowly than low blood glucose. Signs of high blood glucose may include:

  • lethargy or tiredness
  • headache
  • thirst
  • passing large amounts of urine
  • blurred vision

High blood glucose can lead to serious problems with your heart, eyes, circulation or kidneys.

Ask your doctor if you have any questions about why this medicine has been prescribed for you. This medicine is only available with a doctor's prescription.

There is no evidence that Amaryl is addictive.

Before you take Amaryl

When you must not take it

Do not take Amaryl if:

  • you have an allergy to:
    - Amaryl
    - sulfonylureas
    - related medicines such as sulfur antibiotics or thiazide diuretics
    - any of the ingredients listed at the end of this leaflet
    Symptoms of an allergic reaction to Amaryl may include skin rash, itchiness, shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing.
    If you are not sure you have an allergy to Amaryl, check with your doctor.
  • you have previously had a reaction to glimepiride or any other sulfonylurea or sulfonamide
  • you have or have had any of the following conditions:
    - type 1 diabetes mellitus
    - unstable diabetes
    - diabetic acidosis
    - diabetic coma or pre-coma
    - severe kidney disease or if you require dialysis
    - severe liver failure
    If you are not sure if you have any of the above, ask your doctor.
  • you are pregnant or intend becoming pregnant
    Insulin is more suitable for controlling blood glucose during pregnancy. Your doctor will replace Amaryl with insulin.
  • you are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed
    Amaryl passes into breast milk and therefore there is the possibility that the breastfed baby may be affected.
  • the packaging is torn or shows signs of tampering (or the tablets do not look quite right)
  • the expiry date printed on the pack has passed
    If you take this medicine after the expiry date has passed, it may not work as well.

Do not give Amaryl to children. There is not enough experience with the use of Amaryl in children.

If you are not sure whether you should start taking Amaryl, talk to your doctor or pharmacist.

Before you start to take it

Tell your doctor if:

  • you have any allergies to any other medicines or any other substances such as foods, preservatives or dyes
  • you are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed
    Amaryl passes into breast milk and therefore there is the possibility that the breastfed baby may be affected.
  • you have or have had any of the following medical conditions
    - kidney problems
    - liver problems
    - a history of diabetic coma
    - adrenal, pituitary or thyroid problems
    - heart failure
    - glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
  • you drink alcohol in any amount
  • you do not eat regular meals
  • you do a lot of exercise or you do heavy exercise or work
  • you are ill or feeling unwell
    Alcohol, diet, exercise and your general health all strongly affect the control of your diabetes.
  • you are taking any other anti-diabetic treatment

If you have not told your doctor or pharmacist about any of the above, tell them before you start taking Amaryl.

Taking other medicines

Tell your doctor, pharmacist or diabetes educator if you are taking any other medicines, including any that you buy without a prescription from your pharmacy, supermarket or health food shop.

Some medicines may lead to low blood glucose (hypoglycaemia) by increasing the blood glucose-lowering effect of Amaryl. These include:

  • alcohol
  • other medicines used to treat diabetes
  • anabolic steroids
  • some antibiotics
  • some antidepressants
  • some medicines used to treat reflux and stomach ulcers
  • some anti-inflammatory agents, such as ibuprofen and naproxen
  • some medicines used to treat arthritis and gout
  • some blood pressure lowering medicines, such as beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors
  • some medicines used to treat blood clots, blood vessel problems and irregular heart rhythms
  • some cholesterol-lowering and weight reduction medicines
  • some cancer and organ transplant treatments

Some medicines may lead to loss of control of your diabetes by weakening the blood glucose-lowering effect of Amaryl. These include:

  • alcohol
  • some antibiotics, such as rifampicin
  • some blood pressure, cholesterol and heart medications
  • some medicines used to treat reflux and stomach ulcers
  • thyroid medication
  • some medicines used to treat epilepsy
  • corticosteroids, glucagon, adrenaline and other hormonal therapies
  • oral contraceptives
  • some asthma medicines, preparations for coughs and colds, and weight reduction medicines
  • some fluid and glaucoma medications
  • large doses of laxatives
  • some psychiatric and sedating medications

Amaryl may change the effects of other medicines. These include:

  • coumarin derivatives, which are used to prevent blood clots.

Some medicines may hide the symptoms of low blood glucose (hypoglycaemia). These include:

  • alcohol
  • certain heart medications, such as beta-blockers

You may need different amounts of your medicine or you may need to take different medicines. Your doctor, pharmacist or diabetes educator can tell you what to do if you are taking any of these medicines. They also have a complete list of medicines to be careful with or avoid while taking Amaryl.

Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you are not sure if you are taking any of these medicines.

How to take Amaryl

Follow all directions given to you by your doctor, pharmacist or diabetes educator carefully. They may differ from the information contained in this leaflet.

If you do not understand the instructions on the box, ask your doctor or pharmacist for help.

How much to take

Your doctor will tell you how many tablets to take each day. Your doctor may increase or decrease the dose, depending on your blood glucose levels.

How to take it

Swallow the tablets whole with a glass of water.

When to take it

You must make sure that you take Amaryl just before or with a meal.

Amaryl tablets are usually taken once a day, immediately before breakfast. If you eat only a light breakfast, you should delay taking the tablet until after the first main meal of the day (eg lunch).

Do not skip meals while taking Amaryl.

How long to take it

Continue to take Amaryl for as long as your doctor recommends. Make sure you keep enough Amaryl to last over weekends and holidays.

Amaryl will help control your diabetes but will not cure it. Therefore, you may have to take it for a long time.

If you forget to take it

If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the dose you missed and take your next dose when you are meant to. Otherwise, take it as soon as you remember, and then go back to taking your medicine as you would normally. Missed doses can cause high blood glucose (hyperglycaemia).

If you are not sure whether to skip the dose, talk to your doctor or pharmacist.

Do not take a double dose to make up for the dose that you missed. If you double a dose, this may cause low blood glucose (hypoglycaemia).

If you take too much (overdose)

Immediately telephone your doctor or pharmacist or the Poisons Information Centre (13 11 26 in Australia; 0800 POISON or 0800 764 766 in New Zealand), or go to Accident and Emergency at your nearest hospital if you think that you or anyone else may have taken too much Amaryl.

Do this even if there are no signs of discomfort or poisoning. You may need urgent medical attention.

If you take too much Amaryl, you may experience the symptoms of low blood glucose (hypoglycaemia).

At the first signs of hypoglycaemia, raise your blood glucose quickly by taking one of the following:

  • 5-7 jelly beans
  • 3 teaspoons of sugar or honey
  • 1/2 can of a sugar-containing soft drink
  • 2-3 concentrated glucose tablets

Unless you are within 10 to 15 minutes of your next meal, follow up with extra carbohydrates, e.g. plain biscuits, fruit or milk, when over the initial symptoms. Taking this extra carbohydrate will prevent a second drop in your blood glucose level.

If not treated quickly, these symptoms may progress to loss of co-ordination, slurred speech, confusion, loss of consciousness and seizures.

While you are using Amaryl

Things you must do

If you become pregnant while you are taking Amaryl, stop taking it and tell your doctor immediately.

If you are about to be started on any new medicine, tell your doctor and pharmacist that you are taking Amaryl.

Tell all doctors, dentists and pharmacists who are treating you that you are taking Amaryl.

If you plan to have surgery that needs a general anaesthetic, tell your doctor or dentist that you are taking Amaryl.

Make sure all friends, relatives, workmates or carers know that you have diabetes. Make sure they can recognise the symptoms of hypoglycaemia and know how to treat them. Provide them with the telephone number for your doctor, the Poisons Information Centre (13 11 26 in Australia; 0800 POISON or 0800 764 766 in New Zealand) and Emergency Services.

Always carry some sugary food or drink with you.

If you experience any of the symptoms of low blood glucose (hypoglycaemia), immediately eat some sugary food or have a drink, e.g. lollies, biscuits or fruit juice. Diet and low calorie soft drinks do NOT contain sugar and are unsuitable to take for hypoglycaemia.

If you are elderly or are taking other medicines for diabetes, the risk of hypoglycaemia is increased.

The risk of hypoglycaemia is also increased in the following situations:

  • too much Amaryl
  • too much or unexpected exercise
  • delayed meal or snack
  • too little food

If you experience any of the signs of high blood glucose (hyperglycaemia), contact your doctor immediately.

The risk of hyperglycaemia is increased in the following situations:

  • undiagnosed or uncontrolled diabetes
  • illness, infection or stress
  • too little Amaryl
  • certain other medicines
  • too little exercise
  • sudden immobilisation, e.g. after an accident
  • eating more carbohydrate than normal

If you become ill or experience extra stress, injury, fever, infection or need surgery, tell your doctor. Your blood glucose may become difficult to control at these times. Your doctor may decide to change your treatment and use insulin instead of Amaryl.

Make sure you check your blood glucose levels regularly. This is the best way to tell if your diabetes is being controlled properly. Your doctor or diabetes educator will show you how and when to do this.

Visit your doctor for regular checks of your eyes, feet, kidneys, heart, circulation, blood and blood pressure.

Carefully follow your doctor's and/or dietician's advice on diet, drinking alcohol and exercise. If you drink alcohol while taking Amaryl, you may get flushing, headache, breathing difficulties, rapid heart beat, stomach pains or feel sick and vomit.

Tell your doctor immediately if you notice the return of any symptoms you had before starting Amaryl.

These may include lethargy or tiredness, headache, thirst, passing large amounts of urine and blurred vision.

These may be signs that Amaryl is no longer working, even though you may have been taking it successfully for some time.

Things you must not do

Do not give Amaryl to anyone else, even if they have the same condition as you.

Do not skip meals while taking Amaryl.

Things to be careful of

Protect your skin when you are in the sun, especially between 10am and 3pm.

Amaryl may cause your skin to be more sensitive to sunlight than it is normally. Exposure to sunlight may cause a skin rash, itching, redness, or a severe sunburn.

If outdoors, wear protective clothing and use a 15+ sunscreen. If your skin does appear to be burning, tell your doctor immediately.

If you have to be alert, e.g. when driving, be especially careful not to let your blood glucose levels fall too low.

Low blood glucose levels may slow your reaction time and affect your ability to drive or operate machinery. Drinking alcohol can make this worse. However, Amaryl by itself is unlikely to affect how you drive or operate machinery.

Make sure you know how you react to Amaryl before you drive a car, operate machinery or do anything else that could be dangerous if you are dizzy or light-headed. If this occurs, do not drive.

If you are travelling, it is a good idea to:

  • wear some form of identification showing you have diabetes
  • carry some form of sugar to treat hypoglycaemia if it occurs, e.g. sugar sachets or jelly beans
  • carry emergency food rations in case of a delay, e.g. dried fruit, biscuits or muesli bars
  • keep Amaryl readily available

If you become sick with a cold, fever or flu, it is very important to continue taking Amaryl, even if you feel unable to eat your normal meal. If you have trouble eating solid foods, use sugar-sweetened drinks as a carbohydrate substitute or eat small amounts of bland food.

Your diabetes educator or dietician can give you a list of food to use for sick days.

Side effects

Tell your doctor or pharmacist as soon as possible if you do not feel well while you are taking Amaryl.

Amaryl helps most people with diabetes, but it may have unwanted side effects in a few people.

All medicines can have side effects. Sometimes they are serious, most of the time they are not. You may need medical treatment if you get some of the side effects.

Ask your doctor or pharmacist to answer any questions you may have.

Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you notice any of the following and they worry you:

  • signs of hypoglycaemia, which may include weakness, trembling or shaking, sweating, light-headedness, headache, dizziness, lack of concentration, tearfulness or crying, irritability, hunger and numbness around the lips and fingers
  • eye problems, including blurred or double vision
  • stomach upset including nausea (feeling sick) and vomiting
  • diarrhoea, abdominal pain or a feeling of fullness in the stomach

Tell your doctor immediately or go to Accident and Emergency at your nearest hospital if you notice any of the following:

  • rash, sores, redness or itching of the skin, itchy hives-like rash or spots
  • symptoms of sunburn such as redness, itching, swelling or blistering which may occur more quickly than normal
  • bleeding or bruising more easily than normal, or reddish or purplish blotches under the skin
  • yellowing of the skin or eyes, also called jaundice
  • signs of frequent or worrying infections, such as fever, severe chills, sore throat or mouth ulcers
  • signs of anaemia, such as tiredness, being short of breath and looking pale.

Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you notice anything that is making you feel unwell.

Other side effects not listed above may occur in some people.

Do not be alarmed by this list of possible side effects. You may not experience any of them.

After using Amaryl

Storage

Keep your tablets in the blister pack until it is time to take them. If you take the tablets out of the blister pack they may not keep well.

Keep your tablets in a cool dry place where the temperature stays below 25°C.

Do not store Amaryl or any other medicine in the bathroom or near a sink. Do not leave it in the car on hot days or on window sills. Heat and dampness can destroy some medicines.

Keep it where children cannot reach it. A locked cupboard at least one-and-a-half metres above the ground is a good place to store medicines.

Disposal

If your doctor tells you to stop using Amaryl or the tablets have passed their expiry date, ask your pharmacist what to do with any that are left over.

Product description

What it looks like

Amaryl 1 mg tablets: pink oblong, scored tablets with "NMK" and the Hoechst logo on both sides.

Amaryl 2 mg tablets: green oblong, scored tablets with "NMM" and the Hoechst logo on both sides.

Amaryl 3 mg tablets: pale yellow oblong, scored tablets with "NMN" and the Hoechst logo on both sides.

Amaryl 4 mg tablets: light blue oblong, scored tablets with "NMO" and the Hoechst logo on both sides.

The tablets are packed in blister packs of 30 tablets.

Ingredients

Active Ingredients:

  • glimepiride

Inactive Ingredients:

  • lactose monohydrate
  • magnesium stearate
  • microcrystalline cellulose
  • povidone
  • sodium starch glycollate

In order to distinguish between the different tablet strengths, each strength contains different colourings. These are:

  • Amaryl 1 mg tablets - iron oxide red
  • Amaryl 2 mg tablets - iron oxide yellow and indigo carmine lake
  • Amaryl 3mg tablets - iron oxide yellow
  • Amaryl 4 mg tablets - indigo carmine lake

Manufacturer

Amaryl is supplied in Australia by:

sanofi-aventis australia pty ltd
12-24 Talavera Road
Macquarie Park NSW 2113

This leaflet was prepared in August 2016.

Australian Registration Numbers:
Amaryl 1 mg: AUST R 57186
Amaryl 2 mg: AUST R 57189
Amaryl 3mg : AUST R 79334
Amaryl 4 mg: AUST R 57191

®Registered Trademark

amaryl-ccdsv14-cmiv8-aug16

Published by MIMS February 2017

BRAND INFORMATION

Brand name

Amaryl

Active ingredient

Glimepiride

Schedule

S4

 

1 Name of Medicine

Glimepiride.

2 Qualitative and Quantitative Composition

Amaryl tablets contain 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg or 4 mg of glimepiride.

Excipients with known effect.

Lactose monohydrate.
For the full list of excipients, see Section 6.1 List of Excipients.

3 Pharmaceutical Form

Tablet, uncoated.

1 mg.

Pink, oblong, scored tablets debossed with "NMK" and the Hoechst logo on both sides.

2 mg.

Green, oblong, scored tablets debossed with "NMM" and the Hoechst logo on both sides.

3 mg.

Pale yellow, oblong, scored tablets debossed with "NMN" and the Hoechst logo on both sides.

4 mg.

Light blue, oblong, scored tablets debossed with "NMO" and the Hoechst logo on both sides.

4 Clinical Particulars

4.1 Therapeutic Indications

Amaryl is indicated as an adjunct to diet, exercise and weight loss, to lower the blood glucose in patients with non-insulin dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus.

4.2 Dose and Method of Administration

In the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, administration of an oral antidiabetic agent is not a substitute for appropriate dietary control.
In initiating treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus, diet should be emphasised as the primary form of treatment. Caloric restriction and weight loss are essential in the obese diabetic patient. Proper dietary management alone may be effective in controlling the blood glucose and symptoms of hyperglycaemia. The importance of regular physical activity should also be stressed, and cardiovascular risk factors should be identified and corrective measures taken where possible.
If this treatment program fails to reduce symptoms and/or blood glucose, the use of an oral sulfonylurea should be considered. Use of Amaryl must be viewed by both the physician and patient as a treatment in addition to diet, and not as a substitute for diet or as a convenient mechanism for avoiding dietary restraint. Furthermore, loss of blood glucose control on diet alone may be transient, thus requiring only short-term administration of Amaryl. During maintenance programs, Amaryl should be discontinued and insulin therapy initiated if satisfactory lowering of blood glucose is no longer achieved. Judgments should be based on regular clinical and laboratory evaluations.
The dosage of Amaryl must be the lowest which is sufficient to achieve the desired metabolic control. Dosage must be based on regular blood and urine glucose determinations, and must be carefully individualised to obtain optimum therapeutic effect. Periodic measurement of glycosylated haemoglobin is also recommended to monitor the patient's response to treatment. If appropriate glimepiride dosage regimens are not followed, hypoglycaemia may be precipitated.
Measures for dealing with errors in dosage such as forgetting to take a dose, skipping a meal or inability to take a dose at the prescribed time should be discussed with the patient at the time of initiating therapy. A missed dose must never be corrected by subsequently taking a larger dose.
Short-term administration of Amaryl may be sufficient during periods of transient loss of metabolic control in patients usually well controlled on diet.
Food does not alter the bioavailability or other pharmacokinetic parameters of glimepiride.

Initial dose and dose titration.

The initial dose of Amaryl is one 1 mg tablet once daily. The tablet should be swallowed whole without chewing with adequate liquid (e.g. half a glass of water) immediately before breakfast. Patients who eat only a light breakfast should defer the first dose of the day until the first main meal of the day (e.g. lunch). It is very important that meals are not skipped after the tablet has been taken.
If good metabolic control is achieved within the first week of treatment (as determined by blood and urine glucose), continue the daily dose of one 1 mg tablet as maintenance therapy.
If metabolic control is unsatisfactory after 1-2 weeks of treatment, increase the daily dose in increments of 1 mg at 1 to 2 week intervals, until satisfactory metabolic control is achieved. Most patients will achieve optimum control at doses of 1 mg to 4 mg once daily. Only in exceptional cases will doses of more than 4 mg glimepiride per day give better results. Normally, a single daily dose will maintain good blood glucose control for 24 hours.

Secondary dosage adjustment.

Amaryl requirements may fall as treatment proceeds because an improvement in diabetes control results in greater insulin sensitivity. To avoid hypoglycaemia, timely dose reduction or cessation of therapy should be considered.
Correction of Amaryl dosage must also be considered whenever the patient's weight or lifestyle changes or other factors arise which affect glycaemic control.
Secondary failures should be treated by discontinuing Amaryl and starting insulin.

Changeover from other antidiabetic agents to Amaryl.

There is no exact dosage relationship between Amaryl and other oral antidiabetic agents. When transferring patients from another oral antidiabetic drug to Amaryl, it is recommended to begin with the usual starting dose of 1 mg once daily. This recommendation applies even in cases where the patient is being switched from the maximum dose of another antidiabetic agent.
Depending on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of the previous medication, a drug free transition period may be necessary in order to avoid overlapping drug effects possibly resulting in hypoglycaemia.

Use in renal impairment.

There is limited information available on the use of Amaryl in renal insufficiency. Patients with impaired renal function may be more sensitive to the glucose lowering effect of Amaryl (see Section 5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties, Renal impairment). In patients with mild (CrCl > 50 mL/min) to moderate (CrCl 30-50 mL/min) renal impairment, a starting dose of 1 mg once daily must not be exceeded. The dose may then be carefully titrated upwards if necessary based on fasting blood glucose levels according to the protocol mentioned above (i.e. in increments of 1 mg at intervals of one to two weeks).
No experience has been gained in the use of Amaryl in dialysis patients. These patients should be changed over to insulin therapy to achieve optimum metabolic control.

Use in hepatic impairment.

No experience has been gained in the use of Amaryl in patients with severe hepatic impairment. These patients should be changed over to insulin therapy to achieve optimum metabolic control.

4.3 Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to glimepiride, other sulfonylureas, other sulfonamides or any excipient.
Severe impairment of renal function (CrCl < 30 mL/min).
Dialysis patients.
Severe hepatic dysfunction.
Pregnancy (see Section 4.6 Fertility, Pregnancy and Lactation, Use in pregnancy).
Lactation (see Section 4.6 Fertility, Pregnancy and Lactation, Use in lactation).
Amaryl is not suitable for the treatment of insulin dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus (e.g. for the treatment of patients with a history of ketoacidosis), nor for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis, nor for the treatment of diabetic precoma or coma.
In patients with severe impairment of hepatic function, change-over to insulin is indicated to achieve optimal metabolic control.

4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use

Patients receiving glimepiride should be monitored with regular clinical and laboratory evaluations, including blood and urine glucose determinations, to determine the minimum effective dosage and to detect primary failure (inadequate lowering of blood glucose concentration at the maximum recommended dosage) or secondary failure (loss of control of blood glucose concentration following an initial period of effectiveness) to the drug. Glycosylated haemoglobin measurements may also be useful for monitoring the patient's response to glimepiride therapy.
Some improvement in glucose tolerance may take place after a few weeks of treatment with glimepiride. The clinical status should be checked within the first 4 to 8 weeks and at regular intervals thereafter to ascertain whether it is possible to reduce the dose.
The treatment of diabetes requires regular checks. Alertness and reactions may be impaired due to hypo- or hyperglycaemia, especially when beginning or after altering treatment, or when Amaryl is not taken regularly. This may, for example, affect the ability to drive or to operate machinery.
In cases of unusual stress (e.g. trauma, emergency or elective surgery, febrile infection), blood glucose regulation may deteriorate and a temporary change to insulin may become necessary to maintain good metabolic control.
Amaryl tablets must not be used beyond the expiry date marked on the pack and must be stored out of the reach of children.

Hypoglycaemic reactions.

Hypoglycaemia is a potential risk from treatment with any sulfonylurea, particularly in the first month of treatment or when dosage is increased.
Debilitated patients, malnourished patients and patients with adrenal, pituitary, renal or hepatic insufficiency are particularly susceptible to the hypoglycaemic action of sulfonylureas and should, therefore, be carefully monitored. The dosage of glimepiride should be carefully adjusted in these patients.
Hepatic insufficiency may cause increased serum concentrations of glimepiride and may diminish gluconeogenic capacity, both of which increase the risk of severe hypoglycaemic reactions.
Alcohol ingestion, severe or prolonged exercise, deficient caloric intake or use of more than one antidiabetic agent may predispose patients to the development of hypoglycaemia.
If risk factors for hypoglycaemia are present, it may be necessary to adjust the dosage of glimepiride or the entire therapy. This also applies whenever illness occurs during therapy or the patient's lifestyle changes.
Hypoglycaemia may be difficult to recognise in the elderly and in people who are taking beta-adrenergic blocking drugs or other sympatholytic agents.
Patients and responsible family members should be made aware of the signs and symptoms of hyperglycaemia (severe thirst, dry mouth, frequent micturition, dry skin) and hypoglycaemia (intense hunger, sweating, tremor, restlessness, irritability, depression, headache, disturbed sleep or transient neurological disorders) and the prompt action to be taken if either event should occur.
The potential for primary and secondary failure should also be explained.
Hypoglycaemia can almost always be promptly controlled by the intake of carbohydrates (glucose or sugar). It is known from other sulfonylureas that, despite initial successful countermeasures, hypoglycaemia may recur. Patients must therefore remain under close observation. Severe hypoglycaemia requires immediate treatment and follow-up by a physician and, in some circumstances, in-patient hospital care.

Haemolytic anaemia.

Treatment of patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency with sulfonylurea agents can lead to haemolytic anaemia. Since glimepiride belongs to the class of sulfonylurea agents, caution should be used in patients with G6PD deficiency and a non-sulfonylurea alternative should be considered.

Use in hepatic impairment.

See Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration, Use in hepatic impairment; Section 4.3 Contraindications.

Use in renal impairment.

See Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration, Use in renal impairment; Section 4.3 Contraindications.

Use in the elderly.

No data available.

Paediatric use.

The safety and efficacy of glimepiride in children have not been established. Glimepiride is not recommended for use in this age group.

Effects on laboratory tests.

No data available.

4.5 Interactions with Other Medicines and Other Forms of Interactions

Glimepiride is metabolised by cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9). This should be taken into account when glimepiride is coadministered with inducers, inhibitors or substrates of CYP2C9 (e.g. rifampicin, fluconazole, amiodarone, tolbutamide, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen).
Based on experience with glimepiride and known interactions for other sulfonylureas, the following interactions must be considered.
In addition to insulin and other oral antidiabetic agents, drugs which may potentiate the hypoglycaemic action of glimepiride include:
ACE inhibitors, aminosalicylic acid, anabolic steroids and male sex hormones, azapropazone, chloramphenicol, clarithromycin, clofibrate, coumarin derivatives, cyclophosphamide monohydrate, disopyramide, fenfluramine, fenyramidol, fibrates, fluconazole, fluoxetine, guanethidine, ifosfamide, MAO-inhibitors, miconazole, pentoxifylline (oxpentifylline) (high dose parenteral), oxyphenbutazone, para-aminosalicylic acid, phenylbutazone, probenecid, quinolones, salicylates, sulfinpyrazone, sulfonamide antibiotics, tetracyclines, tritoqualine, trofosfamide.
Drugs which may attenuate the hypoglycaemic action of glimepiride include:
Acetazolamide, barbiturates, calcium channel blockers, corticosteroids, diazoxide, diuretics, glucagon, isoniazid, laxatives (protracted use), nicotinic acid (high doses), oestrogens, phenothiazines, phenytoin, progestogens, rifampicin, adrenaline (epinephrine) and other sympathomimetic agents, thyroid hormones.
H2-receptor antagonists, beta-blockers, clonidine and reserpine may lead to either potentiation or weakening of the blood glucose lowering effect.
Concomitant treatment with a beta-receptor blocker, clonidine, guanethidine or reserpine may mask the warning symptoms of a hypoglycaemic attack.
Acute and chronic alcohol intake may either potentiate or attenuate the activity of Amaryl in an unpredictable fashion.
The effect of coumarin derivatives may be potentiated or weakened.

4.6 Fertility, Pregnancy and Lactation

Effects on fertility.

Glimepiride had no recognisable effects on the rearing, physical development, functional and learning behaviour, memory or fertility of the progeny.
(Category C)
It is important to achieve strict normoglycaemia during pregnancy. Glimepiride must not be taken during pregnancy. Otherwise there is risk of harm to the child. The patient must change over to insulin during pregnancy. Patients planning a pregnancy must inform their physician. It is recommended that such patients change over to insulin.
The sulfonylureas may enter the foetal circulation and cause neonatal hypoglycaemia. In rats, dietary glimepiride at high doses (approx. 82 mg/kg) during gestation caused limb deformations. In rabbits, effects on pregnancy were characterised by increased incidences of abortions/total resorptions and malformations. Similar foetal wastage was not seen in rats although the finding of anophthalmia in a proportion of foetuses may be indicative of a treatment related effect as eye malformations were found in the rabbit study. Adverse pregnancy outcomes in the rat and rabbit are probably due to the pharmacodynamic effects of glimepiride at excessive doses and are not substance-specific.
Studies in rats showed that glimepiride is excreted in milk. High doses caused hypoglycaemia in suckling young rats. Dietary administration of glimepiride (120-206 mg/kg) during lactation caused limb deformations in adolescent pups from day 4 of lactation onwards. To prevent possible ingestion of glimepiride with the breast milk and possible harm to the child, glimepiride must not be taken by breastfeeding women. Nursing mothers must either be changed over to insulin or cease breastfeeding.

4.7 Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines

Alertness and reactions may be impaired due to hypo- or hyperglycaemia, especially when beginning or after altering treatment or when glimepiride is not taken regularly. This may affect the ability to drive or to operate machinery.

4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects)

Amaryl is generally well tolerated. Clinical experience has shown that adverse reactions serious enough to compel discontinuation of therapy are uncommon, even during long-term treatment.

Hypoglycaemia.

Hypoglycaemia is the greatest potential risk with all sulfonylureas. Based on what is known of other sulfonylureas, hypoglycaemia may be prolonged.
Possible symptoms of hypoglycaemia include headache, ravenous hunger, nausea, vomiting, lassitude, sleepiness, disordered sleep, restlessness, aggressiveness, impaired concentration, impaired alertness and reactions, depression, confusion, speech disorders, aphasia, visual disorders, tremor, pareses, sensory disturbances, dizziness, helplessness, loss of self control, delirium, cerebral convulsions, somnolence and loss of consciousness up to and including coma, shallow respiration and bradycardia.
In addition, signs of adrenergic counter regulation may be present, including sweating, clammy skin, anxiety, tachycardia, hypertension, palpitations, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmias.
The clinical picture of a severe hypoglycaemic attack may resemble that of a stroke.
The symptoms nearly always subside when hypoglycaemia is corrected.

Visual reactions.

Especially at the start of treatment, there may be temporary visual impairment (e.g. changes in accommodation and/or blurred vision) due to the change in blood glucose levels. The cause is a temporary alteration in the turgidity and hence the refractive index of the lens, this being dependent on blood glucose level.

Gastrointestinal reactions.

Occasionally (0.1 to 1% patients), gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, sensations of pressure or fullness in the epigastrium, abdominal pain and diarrhoea may occur.
Dysgeusia, (taste disturbance or loss of taste) has been reported.

Haematologic reactions.

Changes in the blood picture may occur: thrombocytopaenia, leucopaenia, haemolytic anaemia, erythrocytopaenia, granulocytopaenia, agranulocytosis or pancytopaenia may develop. Cases of severe thrombocytopaenia with platelet count less than 10,000/microlitre and thrombocytopaenic purpura have been reported in post-marketing experience (frequency not known). Anaemia, eosinophilia and aplastic anaemia have been reported with sulfonylureas.

Dermatologic reactions.

Allergic or pseudo-allergic skin reactions (e.g. itching, pruritus, erythema, urticaria, rashes, erythematous and maculopapular and bullous skin eruptions or psoriasiform drug eruption) may occur in patients treated with sulfonylureas. If skin reactions persist, the drug should be discontinued. Mild reactions in the form of urticaria may develop into serious and even life threatening reactions with dyspnoea and hypotension, sometimes progressing to shock. In the event of urticaria, a physician must be notified immediately. In isolated cases, a decrease in serum sodium concentration and allergic vasculitis or hypersensitivity of the skin to light may occur. Porphyria cutanea tarda and pellagra-like changes have been reported with sulfonylureas. It should be noted that cross reactivity exists between sulfonylureas and sulfonamides.

Hepatic reactions.

In isolated cases, increased liver enzymes (AST, ALT), abnormal liver function, cholestasis, cholestatic hepatitis, granulomatous hepatitis, bilirubinaemia and liver failure have been reported with sulfonylureas. In isolated cases, there may be hepatitis, elevation of liver enzymes and/or cholestasis and jaundice which may progress to life threatening liver failure but can regress after withdrawal of glimepiride.

Electrolyte disturbance.

In isolated cases, hyponatraemia has been reported in patients receiving glimepiride and other sulfonylureas, most often in patients who are on other medications or have medical conditions known to cause hyponatraemia or to increase release of antidiuretic hormone.

Other.

Occasionally, allergic or pseudoallergic reactions may occur, e.g. in the form of itching, urticaria or rashes. Such mild reactions may develop into serious reactions with dyspnoea and a fall in blood pressure, sometimes progressing to shock. In the event of urticaria a physician must, therefore, be notified immediately. Cases of alopecia and weight gain have also been reported.

Reporting suspected adverse effects.

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after registration of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit-risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions at www.tga.gov.au/reporting-problems (Australia).

4.9 Overdose

Signs and symptoms.

Accidental or intentional overdose may cause severe and prolonged hypoglycaemia which may be life threatening.

Management.

For general advice on overdose management, contact the Poisons Information Centre, telephone number 13 11 26 (Australia).
In case of overdosage with glimepiride, a doctor must be notified immediately. At the first signs of hypoglycaemia, the patient must immediately take sugar, preferably glucose, unless a doctor has already started care.
Since hypoglycaemia and its clinical symptoms may recur after apparent clinical recovery (even after several days), close and continued medical supervision and possibly referral to a hospital are indicated. In particular, significant overdosage and severe reactions, e.g. with unconsciousness or other neurological dysfunctions, are emergency cases and require immediate care and hospitalisation.
If hypoglycaemic coma is diagnosed or suspected intravenous infusion of a 20% glucose solution (adults: 40 to 100 mL) is indicated. Alternatively, IV, SC or IM administration of glucagon (adults: 0.5 to 1 mg) may be considered. In infants, glucose must be dosed very carefully and close monitoring of blood glucose is required to minimise the risk of potentially severe hyperglycaemia. Other symptomatic therapy (e.g. anticonvulsants) should be administered as necessary.
After acute glucose replacement has been completed, it is usually necessary to give an intravenous glucose infusion in lower concentration so as to ensure that hypoglycaemia does not recur. The patient's blood glucose level should be carefully monitored for at least 24 hours. In severe cases with a protracted course, hypoglycaemia, or the danger of slipping back into hypoglycaemia, may persist for several days.
In cases of acute intake of large amounts of glimepiride, detoxification (e.g. by gastric lavage and administration of medicinal charcoal) is indicated.

5 Pharmacological Properties

5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Sulfonylurea anti diabetic agent, ATC code: A10BB12.

Mechanism of action.

Glimepiride is a sulfonylurea anti-diabetic agent which decreases blood glucose concentrations. The primary mechanism of action of glimepiride appears to be dependent on stimulating the release of insulin from functioning pancreatic beta cells. Glimepiride acts in concert with glucose by improving the sensitivity of beta-cells to physiological glucose stimulus, resulting in insulin secretion in the rhythm of meals. In addition, extrapancreatic effects (e.g. reduction of basal hepatic glucose production and increased peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin and glucose uptake) may also play a limited role in the activity of glimepiride.
In non-fasting diabetic patients, the hypoglycaemic action of a single dose of glimepiride persists for 24 hours.
Evidence from in vitro and animal studies suggests that there is lower glucagon secretion with glimepiride than glibenclamide and this may give rise to a prolonged reduction of blood glucose levels without increased plasma insulin levels. The clinical significance of these findings is yet to be clarified. A long-term, randomised, placebo controlled clinical trial demonstrated that Amaryl therapy improves postprandial insulin/C-peptide responses and overall glycaemic control without producing clinically meaningful increases in fasting insulin/C-peptide levels.
The efficacy of Amaryl is not affected by age, gender or weight. Amaryl therapy is effective in controlling blood glucose without deleterious changes in the plasma lipoprotein profile of patients. The physiological response to acute exercise (i.e. reduction of insulin secretion) is still present during glimepiride therapy.

Clinical trials.

A placebo controlled study using fixed daily doses of 1 mg, 4 mg and 8 mg glimepiride found that all three doses were effective at reducing blood glucose levels. However, there was no significant difference in the reduction in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) between the 4 mg and 8 mg doses at any time point throughout the study.
In another placebo controlled dose ranging study of glimepiride (1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 mg/day), the majority of patients were controlled in the dose range of 1 to 4 mg daily. There was only a very small difference in the reduction in median FPG levels between the 4 mg and 8 mg doses (-3.08 mmol/L vs. -3.16 mmol/L). The greatest change of -3.27 mmol/L was seen with the 2 mg dose. This supports the results of the aforementioned clinical study.
Two large multi centre studies involving approximately 1,900 patients were conducted to examine the dose response effect of glimepiride on blood glucose and HbA1c levels. In both these studies, a large proportion of patients achieved a FPG level below 8.32 mmol/L at the 1 mg/day dose, with a further 10% of patients achieving this level at the 2 mg/day dose. Some patients benefited by an increase in dose to 4 mg/day, but only a few patients, mainly those with very high baseline FPG levels, required higher doses. Based on the results of these studies, the WHO has set the defined daily dose (DDD) of glimepiride to be 2 mg.
An additional 161 patient, randomised, double blind crossover study, including four weeks active treatment each with 3 mg b.d. or 6 mg daily of glimepiride, indicated that some patients may have improved results when glimepiride is given twice daily. However, for the majority of patients, once daily dosing provided adequate control. It is important to note that the treatment period in this study was only 4 weeks and, as such, the long-term safety benefit of twice daily dosing has not been established.

5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties

The pharmacokinetics of glimepiride are similar in males and females and also in young and elderly (> 65 years) patients. Intra-individual variability is low.

Absorption.

Glimepiride is completely absorbed after oral administration. The peak serum concentration (Cmax) is reached in about 2.5 hours. There is a linear relationship between dose and both Cmax and AUC (area under the plasma concentration time curve). Food does not significantly affect the rate or extent of absorption of glimepiride.

Distribution.

After intravenous dosing in normal subjects, the volume of distribution was 8.8 litres (113 mL/kg) and the total body clearance was 48 mL/min. Protein binding was greater than 99%.
Glimepiride is likely to be only minimally removed by haemodialysis due to its high protein binding.
Multiple dose studies with glimepiride in diabetic patients demonstrated plasma concentration time curves similar to single dose studies, indicating that there is no accumulation of drug in tissue depots.

Metabolism.

The elimination half-life of glimepiride at steady state is about 5 to 8 hours after oral administration. However, results of a pharmacokinetic study on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus indicated that higher doses may be associated with a longer half-life.
Glimepiride is completely metabolised by oxidative biotransformation. The major metabolites are the cyclohexyl hydroxy methyl derivative (M1) and the carboxyl derivative (M2). In vitro studies indicate that cytochrome P450 2C9 is the principal enzyme involved in the biotransformation of glimepiride to M1. M1 has been found to have about 40% of the pharmacological activity of glimepiride. It is eliminated via the urine and also by further metabolism to M2 via one or several cytosolic enzymes. M1 has a terminal elimination half-life of 3-6 hours after an oral dose. The formation of M1 is linear up to a dose of 16 mg glimepiride. The kinetics of M2 have not been fully elucidated due to low plasma levels. Its terminal elimination half-life after an oral dose is about 5-6 hours.

Excretion.

Following an oral dose of glimepiride, 35% of the dose is excreted in faeces and 58% in urine.

Renal impairment.

In a single dose, open label study conducted in 15 patients with renal impairment, glimepiride (3 mg) was administered to three groups of patients with different levels of mean creatinine clearance (CrCl); (group I, CrCl = 77.7 mL/min, n = 5), (group II, CrCl = 27.4 mL/min, n = 3), and (group III, CrCl = 9.4 mL/min, n = 7). Glimepiride was found to be well tolerated in all three groups. The results showed that glimepiride serum levels decreased as renal function decreased. However, M1 and M2 serum levels (mean AUC values) increased 2.3 and 8.6 times from group I to group III. The apparent terminal half-life (t1/2) for glimepiride did not change, while the half-lives for M1 and M2 increased as renal function decreased. Mean urinary excretion of M1 plus M2 as percent of dose, however, decreased (44.4%, 21.9% and 9.3% for group I to III).
Results from a multiple dose titration study conducted in 16 patients with renal impairment using doses ranging from 1-8 mg daily for 3 months were consistent with the results after a single dose. All patients with a CrCl < 22 mL/min had adequate control of their glucose levels with a dosage regimen of only 1 mg daily. The results from this study suggested that a starting dose of 1 mg Amaryl may be given to a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus with renal disease, and the dose may be titrated based on fasting blood glucose levels (see Section 4.3 Contraindications; Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration).
It is not known if glimepiride is dialysable.

Hepatic impairment.

The effects of hepatic failure on the clearance of glimepiride have not been systematically examined.

5.3 Preclinical Safety Data

Genotoxicity.

A standard battery of laboratory tests did not reveal any genotoxic or mutagenic potential for glimepiride.

Carcinogenicity.

In a 2 year carcinogenicity study in mice receiving glimepiride in the diet up to 813 mg/kg/day, there was an increase in the incidence of pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia and islet cell adenomas; these are regarded to be the result of chronic stimulation of the pancreatic beta cells. In a 30 month carcinogenicity study in rats receiving glimepiride in the diet up to 345 mg/kg/day, there was an increased incidence of pancreatic islet cell adenomas, however these were considered incidental as there was no dose relationship in either sex. There were no malignant tumours in rats or mice.

6 Pharmaceutical Particulars

6.1 List of Excipients

Lactose monohydrate, sodium starch glycollate, povidone, microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate, iron oxide red (1 mg tablet), iron oxide yellow (2 mg tablet), iron oxide yellow (3 mg tablet), and indigo carmine (2 mg and 4 mg tablets).

6.2 Incompatibilities

Incompatibilities were either not assessed or not identified as part of the registration of this medicine.

6.3 Shelf Life

In Australia, information on the shelf life can be found on the public summary of the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG). The expiry date can be found on the packaging.

6.4 Special Precautions for Storage

Store below 25°C.

6.5 Nature and Contents of Container

All strengths of Amaryl are available in blister packs of 10, 30*, 50 and 100 tablets.
* Marketed pack.

6.6 Special Precautions for Disposal

In Australia, any unused medicine or waste material should be disposed of by taking to your local pharmacy.

6.7 Physicochemical Properties

Amaryl tablets contain glimepiride which is a member of the sulfonylurea group of oral antidiabetic agents.
Glimepiride is a white odourless, crystalline powder, practically insoluble in methanol and water, slightly soluble in ethanol and sparingly soluble in methylene chloride.

Chemical structure.


Molecular Formula: C24H34N4O5S.
Molecular Weight: 491.

CAS number.

93479-97-1.

7 Medicine Schedule (Poisons Standard)

Prescription Only Medicine (S4).

Summary Table of Changes