Consumer medicine information

Kyprolis

Carfilzomib

BRAND INFORMATION

Brand name

Kyprolis

Active ingredient

Carfilzomib

Schedule

S4

 

Consumer medicine information (CMI) leaflet

Please read this leaflet carefully before you start using Kyprolis.

What is in this leaflet

This leaflet answers some common questions about Kyprolis. It does not contain all the available information.

It does not take the place of talking to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist.

All medicines have risks and benefits. Your doctor has weighed the risks of you using Kyprolis against the benefits they expect it will have for you.

If you have any concerns about using this medicine, ask your doctor, nurse or pharmacist.

Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again.

What Kyprolis is used for

Kyprolis is a type of medicine used to treat patients with multiple myeloma (cancer of blood cells).

Kyprolis will be given to you in combination with other medicines that are also used to treat multiple myeloma.

Ask your doctor if you have any questions about why it has been prescribed for you.

This medicine is available only with a doctor's prescription.

Before you are given it

When you must not be given it

Do not use Kyprolis if you have an allergy to:

  • any medicine containing carfilzomib
  • any of the ingredients listed at the end of this leaflet.

Some of the symptoms of an allergic reaction may include:

  • shortness of breath
  • wheezing or difficulty breathing
  • swelling of the face, lips, tongue or other parts of the body
  • rash, itching or hives on the skin.

Do not use it after the expiry date (EXP) printed on the pack. If you use it after the expiry date has passed, it may not work as well.

Do not use it if the packaging is torn or shows signs of tampering.

If you are not sure whether you should be given this medicine, talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist.

Before you are given it

Tell your doctor if you have allergies to any other medicines, foods, preservatives or dyes.

Tell your doctor or nurse if you have, or have had, any of the following medical conditions before having Kyprolis:

  • heart problems, including a history of chest pain (angina), heart attack, irregular heartbeat, high blood pressure, or if you have ever taken a medicine for your heart
  • lung problems, including a history of shortness of breath at rest or with activity
  • kidney problems, including kidney failure or if you have ever received dialysis
  • liver problems, including a history of hepatitis, fatty liver or if you have ever been told your liver is not working properly
  • bleeding or bruising more easily than normal which can indicate you have a low blood platelet count
  • blood clots in your veins and small blood vessels
  • any other major disease for which you were hospitalised or received medication.

Tell your doctor if you are pregnant, think you are pregnant, or if you or your partner intend to become pregnant. Like most medicines of this kind Kyprolis is not recommended to be used during pregnancy.

Use birth control while using Kyprolis to ensure you or your partner do not become pregnant.

  • Women receiving Kyprolis must use a reliable method of birth control during and for 1 month after receiving Kyprolis.
  • Men receiving Kyprolis must use a reliable method of birth control during and for 3 months after receiving Kyprolis.

Discuss with your doctor what method of contraception to use whilst taking this medicine.

Tell your doctor immediately

  • if you become pregnant while using Kyprolis, or within 1 month of stopping treatment with Kyprolis

or

  • if you are a man receiving Kyprolis, your partner becomes pregnant whilst you are using Kyprolis, or within 3 months of you stopping treatment with Kyprolis.

Your doctor will discuss the risks and benefits of using it while you are or your partner is pregnant.

Tell your doctor if you are breastfeeding or planning to breast feed. It is not known whether Kyprolis passes into breast milk. You should not breastfeed during treatment with Kyprolis.

Your doctor can discuss with you the risks and benefits involved.

If you have not told your doctor about any of the above, tell them before you are given Kyprolis.

Before starting Kyprolis, and during treatment, your doctor may do blood tests. This is to check the number of blood cells and how well your heart, kidneys and liver are working.

Your doctor or nurse will ensure you are getting enough fluids to avoid dehydration.

Taking other medicines

Tell your doctor, nurse or pharmacist if you are taking any other medicines, including any that you buy without a prescription from your pharmacy, supermarket or health food shop.

Tell your doctor, nurse or pharmacist if you are taking medicines used to prevent pregnancy.

These include

  • oral contraceptives
  • hormonal contraceptives.

Some medicines may be affected by Kyprolis or may affect how well it works.

You may need to use different amounts of your medicines, or take different medicines. Your doctor will advise you.

Read the CMI leaflets of all medicines you take in combination with Kyprolis. This will help you understand the information related to those medicines.

How it is given

Treatment with Kyprolis will be under the supervision of a doctor. Your treatment with Kyprolis may be given to you by a doctor or nurse.

Follow all directions given to you by your doctor, nurse or pharmacist carefully. They may differ from the information contained in this leaflet.

How it is given

Kyprolis is dissolved in sterile water for injections. The solution is given as an infusion into your vein.

When it is given

One treatment cycle lasts 28 days, with Kyprolis given either once weekly or twice weekly.

Kyprolis once weekly is given each week for 3 weeks, followed by a one week break. Kyprolis is usually given on days 1, 8 and 15.

Kyprolis twice weekly is given 2 days in a row, each week for 3 weeks, followed by a one week break. Kyprolis is usually given on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15 and 16.

How often it is given will depend on your treatment regimen.

When Kyprolis is given with lenalidomide and dexamethasone
In cycles 1-12, Kyprolis is administered on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15 and 16.

After cycle 12, Kyprolis is administered on days 1, 2, 15 and 16.

When Kyprolis is given with dexamethasone
Kyprolis is administered on days 1, 8 and 15 in every cycle (once weekly) or days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15 and 16 in every cycle (twice weekly).

Ask your doctor if you want to know more about the treatment you will receive.

How much is given

The dose will be calculated based on your height and weight (body surface area). Your doctor will determine the dose of Kyprolis that you will be given.

How long to take it

Your doctor will decide how long you will use this medicine. This will depend on how you respond to treatment.

While you are using it

Things you must do

Tell any other doctors, nurses or pharmacists who treat you that you are taking this medicine.

Tell your doctor, nurse or pharmacist immediately if you experience any of the following while being treated with Kyprolis:

  • severe chest pain, headache, which may be severe, confusion, seizures, blurred vision, visual loss, feeling sick (nausea) and vomiting, or severe anxiety
  • shortness of breath, wheezing, difficulty breathing, rapid breathing or cough
  • shortness of breath, irregular heartbeat, racing pulse, tiredness, dizziness and fainting spells
  • blood clots in your veins and small blood vessels
  • leg or arm swelling which could be a symptom of blood clots in the deep veins of the leg or arm
  • chest pain or shortness of breath which may be a symptom of blood clots in the lungs
  • a reaction at any time during your infusion
    Symptoms may include fever, chills or shaking, joint pain, muscle pain, facial flushing or swelling, weakness, shortness of breath, fainting, chest tightness or pain
  • blurred or double vision, loss of vision, difficulty speaking, weakness in an arm or leg, a change in the way you walk, problems with balance, persistent numbness, decreased sensation or loss of sensation, memory loss or confusion.

Your doctor or nurse will monitor you for signs and symptoms of these reactions.

If you become pregnant while taking this medicine, tell your doctor immediately.

Keep all of your doctor's appointments so that your progress can be checked. Your doctor may do blood tests to check on your progress and detect any unwanted side effects.

Things to be careful of

Be careful driving or operating machinery until you know how Kyprolis affects you.

Do not drive or operate machinery or engage in hazardous activities while you are being given Kyprolis if you experience fatigue, dizziness and/or fainting.

If you take too much (overdose)

Immediately telephone your doctor for advice, or go to Accident and Emergency at the nearest hospital, if you think that you may have been given too much Kyprolis. Do this even if there are no signs of discomfort or poisoning. You may need urgent medical attention.

Side effects

Tell your doctor, nurse or pharmacist as soon as possible if you do not feel well after being given Kyprolis.

All medicines can have side effects.

Specific side effects related to your heart, lungs, kidneys or a blockage of blood vessels by a blood clot can occur with Kyprolis. Ask your doctor, nurse or pharmacist to explain these possible side effects to you. Your doctor has weighed the risks of using this medicine against the benefits they expect it to have for you.

Do not be alarmed by this list of possible side effects. You may not experience any of them.

Ask your doctor, nurse or pharmacist to answer any questions you may have.

Tell your doctor, nurse or pharmacist if you notice any of the following and they worry you:

  • numbness, tingling or decreased sensation in hands and/or feet
  • difficulty sleeping (insomnia)
  • anxiety
  • constipation
  • indigestion
  • stomach pain
  • decreased appetite
  • toothache
  • muscle weakness or spasms
  • back pain, pain in limbs, bone, hands or feet
  • blocked nose
  • inflammation of the nose and throat
  • runny or blocked nose, sneezing, facial pressure or pain
  • flu-like symptoms, such as high temperature, sore throat, runny nose, cough and chills
  • viral infection
  • pain during urination or urgency to urinate
  • redness of the skin or redness, irritation, pain or discomfort at the injection site
  • increased sweating
  • general feeling of illness or discomfort.

Tell your doctor, nurse or pharmacist as soon as possible if you notice any of the following and they worry you:

  • change in voice or hoarseness
  • pain in the throat
  • nose bleed
  • difficulty seeing
  • dehydration
  • rash, itchy skin, redness of the skin
  • mild to severe nausea, vomiting, cramps and/or diarrhoea
  • buzzing, hissing, whistling, ringing or other persistent noise in the ears
  • watery diarrhoea 3 or more times a day for two or more days, with mild abdominal cramping and tenderness
  • breathless with exertion or even at rest, with swelling of the legs, ankles and feet, bloating of the abdomen, cough whilst lying down, fatigue,
  • heartbeats that feel rapid, pounding or fluttering and chest discomfort or pressure,
  • dizziness, light-headedness and fainting.

Tell your doctor, nurse or pharmacist immediately, or go to Accident and Emergency at your nearest hospital if you notice any of the following:

  • chest pain, tightness or discomfort; may be sudden, sharp and become worse with deep breathing or coughing
  • breathing problems such as shortness of breath, breathlessness, rapid breathing
  • rapid, strong or irregular heartbeat
  • pain in the liver (under the right ribcage), loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting
  • yellowing of the skin and/or whites of the eyes, possibly with brown or orange urine
  • abdominal pain or abdominal swelling
  • headache
  • confusion
  • seizures, fits or convulsions
  • visual loss, visual disturbance, blurred vision
  • fever, chills
  • cough, wheezing, phlegm, occasionally with blood
  • fainting, weakness, dizziness, light headedness
  • collapse
  • numbness or weakness of the legs and arms
  • difficulty swallowing
  • slurred speech or loss of speech
  • coughing or vomiting up blood
  • coffee grounds or black sticky bowel motions (stools) or bright red blood in bowel motions
  • pain behind breast bone, sometimes spreading to neck and shoulders, and sometimes fever
  • severe stomach pain
  • pain in joint or muscle, muscle ache
  • facial flushing or swelling
  • swelling of the hands, feet or ankles
  • pain, swelling and tenderness in a limb, usually the calf
  • bleeding or bruising more easily than normal
  • little or no urine
  • feeling sick (nausea), vomiting
  • diarrhoea
  • drowsiness
  • fatigue
  • watery diarrhoea 10 to 15 times a day, with abdominal cramping and pain, rapid heart rate, fever, nausea and dehydration
  • severe muscle pain
  • severe breathlessness
  • cold, clammy and pale or mottled skin
  • loss of consciousness.

These may be serious side effects of Kyprolis. You may need urgent medical attention or hospitalisation.

If any of the following happen, stop taking Kyprolis and tell your doctor immediately, or go to Accident and Emergency at your nearest hospital:

  • skin rash, itching or hives on the skin
  • shortness of breath, wheezing or difficulty breathing
  • swelling of the face, lips, tongue, throat or other parts of the body
  • faintness
  • rapid pulse or sweating.

These are very serious side effects. If you have them you may have had a serious allergic reaction to Kyprolis. You may need urgent medical attention or hospitalisation.

Tell your doctor or nurse if you notice anything else that is making you feel unwell. Other side effects not listed above may also occur in some people.

After giving it

Storage

Kyprolis should be stored in a refrigerator at 2°C to 8°C, protected from light.

Keep it where children cannot reach it.

Disposal

Your doctor, nurse or pharmacist will dispose of this medicine.

Product description

What it looks like

Kyprolis is supplied as a white to off-white powder in a glass vial.

Each pack contains one single-use vial.

Ingredients

Active ingredient: carfilzomib

  • 60 mg carfilzomib in Kyprolis 60 mg vial
  • 30 mg carfilzomib in Kyprolis 30 mg vial
  • 10 mg carfilzomib in Kyprolis 10 mg vial

Inactive ingredients:

  • sulfobutyl betadex sodium
  • citric acid
  • sodium hydroxide.

Kyprolis does not contain lactose, sucrose, gluten, tartrazine or any other azo dyes.

Sponsor

Kyprolis is supplied in Australia by:

Amgen Australia Pty Ltd
Level 11, 10 Carrington St
Sydney NSW 2000
Ph: 1800 803 638
www.amgenmedinfo.com.au

This leaflet was prepared in December 2021.

Australian Registration Numbers:

60 mg vial: AUST R 283228

30 mg vial: AUST R 266773

10 mg vial: AUST R 288527

Kyprolis® is the registered trademark of Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a subsidiary of Amgen Inc.

Published by MIMS March 2022

BRAND INFORMATION

Brand name

Kyprolis

Active ingredient

Carfilzomib

Schedule

S4

 

1 Name of Medicine

Carfilzomib.

2 Qualitative and Quantitative Composition

Kyprolis (carfilzomib) is a modified tetrapeptidyl epoxide, isolated as the crystalline free base supplied as powder for injection for intravenous infusion.
Kyprolis is available as a single-use vial containing 10 mg, 30 mg or 60 mg of carfilzomib.
After reconstitution, 1 mL of solution contains 2 mg of carfilzomib.
For the full list of excipients, see Section 6.1 List of Excipients.

3 Pharmaceutical Form

Kyprolis is supplied as a sterile, white to off-white lyophilised powder.

4 Clinical Particulars

4.1 Therapeutic Indications

Kyprolis is indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who have received at least one prior therapy as part of combination therapy with:
dexamethasone, or
lenalidomide and dexamethasone, or
daratumumab and dexamethasone, or
isatuximab and dexamethasone.

4.2 Dose and Method of Administration

Dosage (dose and interval).

Kyprolis is administered intravenously (IV) as a 10 minute or a 30 minute infusion either once or twice weekly based on the selected regimen (see Table 1). Treatment may be continued until disease progression or until unacceptable toxicity occurs.
Therapeutic equivalence between once and twice weekly dosing of carfilzomib in combination with daratumumab and dexamethasone has not been established in a pivotal clinical trial.
The dose is calculated using the patient's baseline body surface area (BSA). Patients with a body surface area > 2.2 m2 should receive a dose based upon a body surface area of 2.2 m2. Dose adjustments do not need to be made for weight changes of ≤ 20%.
Kyprolis in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone.

Twice weekly dosing.

Kyprolis is administered at a starting dose of 20 mg/m2 in cycle 1 on days 1 and 2. If tolerated, the dose should be increased to 27 mg/m2 on day 8 of cycle 1 (Table 2). Kyprolis 27 mg/m2 is administered intravenously on two consecutive days each week for three weeks (days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15 and 16), followed by a 12 day rest period (days 17 to 28). Each 28 day period is considered one treatment cycle.
When given in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone, Kyprolis is omitted on days 8 and 9 of cycles 13 and higher. Lenalidomide is administered as 25 mg orally on days 1 to 21 and dexamethasone is administered as 40 mg orally or intravenously on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 of the 28 day cycles. Appropriate dose reduction for the starting dose of lenalidomide should be considered according to the recommendations in the lenalidomide Product Information, for example, with baseline renal impairment. Dexamethasone should be administered 30 minutes to 4 hours before Kyprolis.
Kyprolis in combination with dexamethasone.

Once weekly dosing.

Kyprolis is administered at a starting dose of 20 mg/m2 in cycle 1 on day 1. If tolerated, the dose should be increased to 70 mg/m2 on day 8 of cycle 1 (Table 3). Kyprolis 70 mg/m2 is administered intravenously once weekly for three weeks (days 1, 8 and 15), followed by a 13 day rest period (days 16 to 28). Each 28 day period is considered one treatment cycle.
When Kyprolis is combined with dexamethasone alone, dexamethasone is administered as 40 mg orally or intravenously on days 1, 8 and 15 of all cycles and day 22 of cycles 1 to 9. Dexamethasone should be administered 30 minutes to 4 hours before Kyprolis.

Twice weekly dosing.

Kyprolis is administered at a starting dose of 20 mg/m2 in cycle 1 on days 1 and 2. If tolerated, the dose should be increased to 56 mg/m2 on day 8 of cycle 1 (Table 4). Kyprolis 56 mg/m2 is administered intravenously on two consecutive days each week for three weeks (days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15 and 16), followed by a 12 day rest period (days 17 to 28). Each 28 day period is considered one treatment cycle.
When Kyprolis is combined with dexamethasone alone, dexamethasone is administered as 20 mg orally or intravenously on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16, 22 and 23 of the 28 day cycles. Dexamethasone should be administered 30 minutes to 4 hours before Kyprolis.
Kyprolis in combination with isatuximab and dexamethasone.

Twice weekly dosing.

Kyprolis is administered at a starting dose of 20 mg/m2 in cycle 1 on days 1 and 2. If tolerated, the dose should be increased to 56 mg/m2 on day 8 of cycle 1 (Table 4). Kyprolis 56 mg/m2 is administered intravenously on two consecutive days each week for three weeks (days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15 and 16), followed by a 12 day rest period (days 17 to 28). Each 28 day period is considered one treatment cycle.
Dexamethasone 20 mg (IV on the days of Kyprolis and/or isatuximab infusions, and orally (PO) on the other days): when administered in combination with Kyprolis and isatuximab.
For dosing instructions of combination agents administered with Kyprolis, see Section 5 Pharmacological Properties, clinical studies and the manufacturer’s Product Information.
Kyprolis in combination with daratumumab and dexamethasone. For the combination regimen with daratumumab and dexamethasone, administer Kyprolis intravenously once weekly or twice weekly as a 30 minute infusion as described in Table 5 and Table 6.

Once weekly dosing.

Kyprolis is administered intravenously as a 30 minute infusion each week for three weeks followed by a 13 day rest period as shown in Table 5. Each 28 day period is considered one treatment cycle.
Administer Kyprolis at a starting dose of 20 mg/m2 in cycle 1 on day 1. If tolerated, escalate the dose to 70 mg/m2 on day 8 of cycle 1 and thereafter.
Dexamethasone is taken orally or intravenously at a dose of 20 mg in cycles 1 and 2 on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16, 22 and 23. In cycles 3-6, dexamethasone is taken at a dose of 20 mg on days 1, 2, 15 and 16 and at a dose of 40 mg on day 8 and 22. In cycles 7 and thereafter, dexamethasone is taken at a dose of 20 mg on days 1 and 2 and at a dose of 40 mg on days 8, 15, and 22. For patients > 75 years of age, administer 20 mg of dexamethasone orally or intravenously weekly after the first week.
Administer dexamethasone 30 minutes to 4 hours before Kyprolis. Daratumumab is administered intravenously at a dose of 16 mg/kg actual body weight; with a split dose of 8 mg/kg in cycle 1 on days 1 and 2. Administer 16 mg/kg once weekly on days 8, 15 and 22 of cycle 1 and days 1, 8 and 15 and 22 of cycle 2, then every 2 weeks for 4 cycles (cycles 3 to 6) and then every 4 weeks for the remaining cycles or until disease progression.
Treatment may be continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurs. Refer to the dexamethasone and daratumumab Product Information for other information on these products.

Twice weekly dosing.

Kyprolis is administered intravenously as a 30 minute infusion on two consecutive days, each week for three weeks followed by a 12 day rest period as shown in Table 6. Each 28 day period is considered one treatment cycle. Administer Kyprolis at a starting dose of 20 mg/m2 in cycle 1 on days 1 and 2. If tolerated, escalate the dose to 56 mg/m2 on day 8 of cycle 1 and thereafter.
Dexamethasone 20 mg is taken orally or intravenously on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15 and 16 and 40 mg orally or intravenously on day 22 of each 28 day cycle. For patients > 75 years of age, administer 20 mg of dexamethasone orally or intravenously weekly after the first week. Administer dexamethasone 30 minutes to 4 hours before Kyprolis.
Daratumumab is administered intravenously at a dose of 16 mg/kg actual body weight; with a split dose of 8 mg/kg in cycle 1 on days 1 and 2. Administer 16 mg/kg once weekly on days 8, 15 and 22 of cycle 1 and days 1, 8 and 15 and 22 of cycle 2, then every 2 weeks for 4 cycles (cycles 3 to 6) and then every 4 weeks for the remaining cycles or until disease progression.
Refer to the daratumumab and dexamethasone Product Information for additional details on administration and concomitant medications.

Concomitant medication.

To decrease the risk of herpes zoster reactivation, consideration should be given to antiviral prophylaxis in patients being treated with Kyprolis. The majority of patients included in studies with Kyprolis received antiviral prophylaxis; due to this fact it is not possible to calculate the true incidence of herpes zoster infection in patients treated with Kyprolis.
Thromboprophylaxis is recommended in patients being treated with Kyprolis in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone, and should be based on an assessment of the patient's underlying risks and clinical status. For other concomitant medications that may be required, such as the use of antacid prophylaxis, refer to the current lenalidomide and dexamethasone Product Information.

Hydration, fluid and electrolyte monitoring.

Adequate hydration is required before dose administration in cycle 1, especially in patients at high risk of tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) or renal toxicity. All patients should be monitored for evidence of volume overload and fluid requirements should be tailored to individual patient needs. The total volume of fluids may be adjusted as clinically indicated in patients with baseline cardiac failure or who are at risk for cardiac failure (see Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use, Cardiac disorders).
Recommended hydration includes both oral fluids (30 mL/kg/day for 48 hours before day 1 of cycle 1) and intravenous fluids (250 mL to 500 mL of appropriate intravenous fluid before each dose in cycle 1). Give an additional 250 mL to 500 mL of intravenous fluids as needed following Kyprolis administration. Continue oral and/or intravenous hydration, as needed, in subsequent cycles.
When given in combination with IV daratumumab, oral and/or intravenous hydration is not required on days when IV daratumumab is dosed.
Serum potassium levels should be monitored monthly, or more frequently, during treatment with Kyprolis as clinically indicated and will depend on the potassium levels measured before the start of treatment, concomitant therapy used (e.g. medicinal products known to increase the risk of hypokalaemia) and associated comorbidities.

Method of administration.

Administer intravenously as a 10 or a 30 minute infusion. The 20/27 mg/m2 dose is administered over 10 minutes (Table 2). The 20/56 mg/m2 and 20/70 mg/m2 doses must be administered over 30 minutes (Table 3, Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6).
Kyprolis should not be administered as a bolus.
The intravenous administration line should be flushed with normal saline or 5% w/v glucose injection immediately before and after Kyprolis administration.
Do not mix Kyprolis with or administer as an infusion with other medicinal products.

Reconstitution and preparation for intravenous administration.

Kyprolis vials contain no antimicrobial preservatives and are for single use in one patient only. Discard any residue. Proper aseptic technique must be observed.
The reconstituted solution contains carfilzomib at a concentration of 2 mg/mL. Read the complete preparation instructions prior to reconstitution.
1. Remove vial from refrigerator just prior to use.
2. Calculate the dose (mg/m2) and number of vials of Kyprolis required using the patient's body surface area (BSA) at baseline. Patients with a BSA greater than 2.2 m2 should receive a dose based upon a BSA of 2.2 m2. Dose adjustments do not need to be made for weight changes of ≤ 20%.
3. Use a 21G or larger gauge needle only to aseptically reconstitute each vial by slowly injecting sterile water for injections through the stopper and directing the solution onto the inside wall of the vial to minimise foaming.
10 mg (10 mL) vial: reconstitute with 5 mL sterile water for injections.
30 mg (30 mL) vial: reconstitute with 15 mL sterile water for injections.
60 mg (50 mL) vial: reconstitute with 29 mL sterile water for injections.
Do not reconstitute Kyprolis with normal saline.
4. Gently swirl and/or invert the vial slowly for approximately 1 minute, or until complete dissolution. Do not shake. If foaming occurs, allow the solution to settle in the vial until foaming subsides (approximately 5 minutes) and the solution is clear.
It is not necessary to protect the reconstituted product from light.
5. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discolouration prior to administration; if particulates or discolouration are observed, the contents of the container should not be used. The reconstituted product should be a clear, colourless to slightly yellow solution.
6. Discard any unused portion left in the vial.
7. Kyprolis can be administered directly by IV infusion, or optionally administered in an IV bag. Do not administer as an IV push or bolus.
8. When administering Kyprolis using an IV bag, use a 21G, or larger gauge, needle only to withdraw the calculated dose from the vial and dilute into a 50 or 100 mL IV bag containing 5% w/v glucose injection. Do not dilute Kyprolis into normal saline.
It is not necessary to protect the diluted product from light.

Dosage adjustment.

Dosing should be modified based on toxicity. The recommended actions and dose modifications are presented in Table 7. Dose level reductions are presented in Table 8.

Patients with renal impairment.

Patients with moderate or severe renal impairment were excluded from Kyprolis-lenalidomide combination studies.
No starting dose adjustment is required in patients with baseline mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment or patients on chronic dialysis. Since dialysis clearance of Kyprolis concentrations has not been studied, the drug should be administered after the dialysis procedure (see Section 5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties, Special populations). In phase 3 clinical studies the incidence of adverse events of acute renal failure was higher in subjects with lower baseline creatinine clearance than that among subjects with higher baseline creatinine clearance.
Renal function should be monitored at least monthly or in accordance with accepted clinical practice guidelines, particularly in patients with lower baseline creatinine clearance.

Patients with hepatic impairment.

No starting dose adjustment is required in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. The pharmacokinetics of Kyprolis have not been evaluated in patients with severe hepatic impairment (see Section 5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties, Special populations). Liver enzymes and bilirubin should be monitored at treatment initiation and monthly during treatment with Kyprolis, regardless of baseline values.

4.3 Contraindications

Kyprolis is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to the active substance or any of the excipients (see Section 6.1 List of Excipients).
When Kyprolis is administered in combination with other medicinal products, refer to their Product Information before starting therapy.

4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use

When Kyprolis is administered in combination with other medicinal products, refer to their Product Information before starting therapy. When Kyprolis is used in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone, particular attention to the lenalidomide pregnancy prevention requirements is needed.

Cardiac disorders.

New or worsening cardiac failure (e.g. congestive cardiac failure, pulmonary oedema, decreased ejection fraction), myocardial ischaemia and infarction have occurred following administration of Kyprolis. Death due to cardiac arrest has occurred within a day of Kyprolis administration and fatal outcomes have been reported with cardiac failure and myocardial infarction (see Section 4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects), Cardiac failure, myocardial infarction and myocardial ischaemia).
While adequate hydration is required prior to dosing in cycle 1, all patients should be monitored for evidence of volume overload, especially patients at risk for cardiac failure. The total volume of fluids may be adjusted as clinically indicated in patients with baseline cardiac failure or who are at high risk for cardiac failure (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration, Hydration, fluid and electrolyte monitoring).
Kyprolis should be stopped following grade 3 or 4 cardiac events until recovery. Consideration should be given to reducing the dose of Kyprolis by 1 dose level when recommencing Kyprolis, based on an assessment of the benefit/risk (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration, Dosage adjustment, Tables 7 and 8).
The risk of cardiac failure is increased in elderly patients (≥ 75 years). The risk of cardiac failure is also increased in Asian patients.
Patients with New York Heart Association Class III and IV heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, conduction abnormalities and angina or arrhythmias uncontrolled by medications were not eligible for the clinical trials. As these patients may be at greater risk for cardiac complications, a comprehensive medical assessment (particularly blood pressure control and fluid management) should be conducted prior to starting treatment with Kyprolis. These patients should remain under close follow up.

Pulmonary toxicity.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute respiratory failure, and acute diffuse infiltrative pulmonary disease such as pneumonitis and interstitial lung disease have occurred in patients receiving Kyprolis. Some of these events have been fatal. Pulmonary toxicity should be evaluated and Kyprolis should be stopped until resolved. Consideration on whether to restart Kyprolis should be based on a benefit/risk assessment (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration, Dosage adjustment, Tables 7 and 8).

Pulmonary hypertension.

Pulmonary hypertension has been reported in patients treated with Kyprolis. Some of these events have been fatal. Pulmonary hypertension should be evaluated as appropriate. Kyprolis should be stopped for pulmonary hypertension until resolved or returned to baseline and consider whether to restart Kyprolis based on a benefit/risk assessment (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration, Dosage adjustment, Tables 7 and 8).

Dyspnoea.

Dyspnoea was commonly reported in patients treated with Kyprolis. Dyspnoea should be evaluated to exclude cardiopulmonary conditions including cardiac failure and pulmonary syndromes. Kyprolis should be stopped for grade 3 and 4 dyspnoea until resolved or returned to baseline and consider whether to restart Kyprolis based on a benefit/risk assessment (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration, Dosage adjustment, Tables 7 and 8; Section 4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects), Dyspnoea).

Hypertension.

Hypertension, including hypertensive crisis and hypertensive emergency, has been observed with Kyprolis. Some of these events have been fatal (see Section 4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects), Hypertension including hypertensive crises). It is recommended to control hypertension prior to starting Kyprolis. All patients should be routinely evaluated for hypertension whilst on Kyprolis and treated as needed. If the hypertension cannot be controlled, the Kyprolis dose should be reduced. In case of hypertensive crises, Kyprolis should be stopped until resolved or returned to baseline and consider whether to restart Kyprolis based on a benefit/risk assessment (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration, Dosage adjustment, Tables 7 and 8).

Acute renal failure.

Cases of acute renal failure have been reported in patients administered Kyprolis. Some of these events have been fatal. Acute renal failure was reported more frequently in patients with advanced relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma who received Kyprolis monotherapy. In phase 3 clinical studies the incidence of adverse events of acute renal failure was higher in subjects with lower baseline creatinine clearance than that among subjects with higher baseline creatinine clearance. Creatinine clearance was stable over time for the majority of patients. Renal function should be monitored at least monthly or in accordance with accepted clinical practice guidelines, particularly in patients with lower baseline creatinine clearance, and the dose reduced or stopped as appropriate (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration, Dosage adjustment, Tables 7 and 8).

Tumour lysis syndrome.

Tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) has been reported with Kyprolis use, including some fatal cases. Patients with a high tumour burden should be considered to be at greater risk for TLS. Patients should be well hydrated before administration of Kyprolis in cycle 1, and in subsequent cycles as needed (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration, Hydration, fluid and electrolyte monitoring). Uric acid lowering drugs should be considered in patients at high risk for TLS. Evidence of TLS during treatment should be monitored, including regular measurement of serum electrolytes, and managed promptly. Kyprolis should be stopped until TLS is resolved (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration, Dosage adjustment, Tables 7 and 8).

Electrocardiographic changes.

There have been cases of QT interval prolongation reported in clinical studies and post-marketing. Cases of ventricular tachycardia have been reported in patients receiving Kyprolis.

Infusion reactions.

Infusion reactions, including life-threatening reactions, have been reported in patients administered Kyprolis (see Section 4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects), Table 11). Signs and symptoms may include fever, chills, arthralgia, myalgia, facial flushing, facial oedema, laryngeal oedema, vomiting, weakness, shortness of breath, hypotension, syncope, bradycardia, chest tightness, or angina. These reactions can occur immediately following or up to 24 hours after administration of Kyprolis. Dexamethasone should be administered 30 minutes to 4 hours prior to Kyprolis to reduce the incidence and severity of reactions (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration).

Haemorrhage and thrombocytopenia.

There have been cases of haemorrhage (e.g. gastrointestinal, pulmonary and intracranial haemorrhage) reported in patients treated with Kyprolis, often associated with thrombocytopenia. Some of these events have been fatal (see Section 4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects), Thrombocytopenia).
Kyprolis causes thrombocytopenia with platelet nadirs observed on day 8 or day 15 of each 28 day cycle. Platelet counts recovered to baseline levels by the start of the next cycle. Platelet counts should be monitored frequently during treatment with Kyprolis and the dose reduced or stopped as appropriate (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration, Dosage adjustment, Tables 7 and 8).

Venous thrombosis.

There have been cases of venous thromboembolic events, including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism with fatal outcomes, reported in patients who received Kyprolis (see Section 4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects), Venous thromboembolic events).
Patients with known risk factors for thromboembolism, including prior thrombosis, should be closely monitored. Action should be taken to try to minimise all modifiable risk factors (e.g. smoking, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia). Caution should be used in the concomitant administration of other agents that may increase the risk of thrombosis (e.g. erythropoietic agents or hormone replacement therapy). Patients and physicians are advised to be observant for the signs and symptoms of thromboembolism. Patients should be instructed to seek medical care if they develop symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, haemoptysis, arm or leg swelling or pain.
Thromboprophylaxis should be considered based on an individual benefit/risk assessment.

Hepatic toxicity.

There have been cases of hepatic failure, including fatal cases, reported in patients administered Kyprolis. Since Kyprolis can cause elevations of serum transaminases, liver enzymes should be monitored regularly, regardless of baseline values, and the dose reduced or stopped as appropriate (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration, Dosage adjustment, Tables 7 and 8).

Thrombotic microangiopathy.

There have been cases of thrombotic microangiopathy, including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (TTP/HUS) reported in patients who received Kyprolis. Some of these events have been fatal. Patients receiving Kyprolis should be monitored for signs and symptoms of TTP/HUS. If the diagnosis is suspected, stop Kyprolis and evaluate patients for possible TTP/HUS. If the diagnosis of TTP/HUS is excluded, Kyprolis can be reinitiated. The safety of reinitiating Kyprolis therapy in patients previously experiencing TTP/HUS is not known.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.

There have been cases of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) reported in patients receiving Kyprolis. PRES, formerly termed reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS), is a rare neurological disorder, which can present with seizure, headache, lethargy, confusion, blindness, altered consciousness, and other visual and neurological disturbances, along with hypertension; and the diagnosis is confirmed by neuro-radiological imaging. Kyprolis should be discontinued if PRES is suspected. The safety of reinitiating Kyprolis therapy in patients previously experiencing PRES is not known.

Hepatitis B virus reactivation.

There have been cases of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation reported in patients receiving Kyprolis. Patients should be tested for HBV infection before treatment with Kyprolis is initiated. For patients who are carriers of HBV, prophylaxis with antivirals should be considered. Carriers of HBV receiving Kyprolis should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of active HBV infection throughout and following the end of treatment. Consider consulting a specialist for patients who test positive for HBV infection prior to or during treatment with Kyprolis.
The safety of resuming Kyprolis treatment after HBV reactivation is adequately controlled is not known. Therefore, prescribers should weigh the risks and benefits when considering resumption of therapy in this situation.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

There have been cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) reported in patients treated with Kyprolis who have had prior or concurrent immunosuppressive therapy. The causal relationship with Kyprolis is unknown.
Patients should be monitored for any new or worsening neurologic, cognitive or behavioural signs or symptoms that may be suggestive of PML as part of the differential diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
If PML is suspected, withhold administration of Kyprolis; patients should be promptly referred to a specialist and appropriate diagnostic testing should be initiated. Kyprolis should be discontinued if the PML diagnosis is confirmed.

Increased incidence of fatal and serious adverse events in combination with melphalan and prednisone in newly diagnosed transplant-ineligible multiple myeloma patients.

In a clinical trial of 955 transplant-ineligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma randomised to Kyprolis (20/36 mg/m2 by 30 minute infusion twice weekly for four weeks of each six week cycle), melphalan and prednisone (KMP) or bortezomib, melphalan and prednisone (VMP), a higher incidence of fatal adverse events (6.5% versus 4.3%), a higher incidence of serious adverse events (49.6% versus 42.1%) and a higher incidence of any grade adverse events involving cardiac failure (10.8% versus 4.3%), hypertension (24.7% versus 8.1%), acute renal failure (13.9% versus 6.2%), and dyspnoea (18.1% versus 8.5%) were observed in patients in the KMP arm compared to patients in the VMP arm. This study did not meet its primary outcome measure of superiority in progression-free survival (PFS) for the KMP arm. Kyprolis in combination with melphalan and prednisone is not indicated for transplant-ineligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.

Cardiac impairment.

Patients with New York Heart Association Class III and IV heart failure were not eligible for the clinical trials. The safety and efficacy in this population have not been evaluated.

Use in the elderly.

Overall, the subject incidence of certain adverse events (including cardiac failure, see Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use, Cardiac disorders) in clinical trials was higher for patients who were ≥ 75 years of age compared to patients who were < 75 years of age. In the CANDOR study (see Section 5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties, Clinical trials), 146 (47%) of the 308 patients who received KDd 56 mg/m2 twice weekly were ≥ 65 years of age and 28 (9%) were ≥ 75 years of age. In the KDd arm of the study, fatal treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred in 6% of patients < 65 years of age and 14% of patients ≥ 65 years of age. In the Kd arm, fatal TEAEs occurred in 8% of patients < 65 years of age and 3% of patients ≥ 65 years of age (see Section 4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects)). Fatal TEAEs occurred in 14% and 0% of patients ≥ 75 years of age in the KDd and Kd arms respectively.

Paediatric use.

The safety and effectiveness of Kyprolis in children have not been established.

Effects on laboratory tests.

No data available.

4.5 Interactions with Other Medicines and Other Forms of Interactions

Carfilzomib is primarily metabolised via peptidase and epoxide hydrolase activities, and as a result, the pharmacokinetic profile of carfilzomib is unlikely to be affected by concomitant administration of cytochrome P450 inhibitors and inducers. Carfilzomib is not expected to influence exposure of other drugs.
Based on in vitro and in vivo data, carfilzomib is not expected to inhibit CYP3A4/5 activities and/or affect the exposure to CYP3A4/5 substrates. A clinical trial using oral midazolam as a CYP3A probe demonstrated that the pharmacokinetics of midazolam were unaffected by concomitant carfilzomib administration.
Carfilzomib is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, and inhibited organic anion transport protein OATP1B1 in vitro. However, given that Kyprolis is administered intravenously and is rapidly and extensively metabolised, pharmacokinetic interaction with P-gp inhibitors or inducers, or OATP1B1 substrates is unlikely.

4.6 Fertility, Pregnancy and Lactation

Effects on fertility.

Fertility studies with carfilzomib have not been conducted. No effects on reproductive tissues were noted during 28 day repeat dose toxicity studies conducted in rats and monkeys, or in chronic toxicity studies conducted in rats for 6 months and for 9 months in monkeys.
(Category C)
There are no data on the use of carfilzomib in pregnant women.
Female patients of child bearing potential treated with Kyprolis, and/or their partners, must use effective contraception measures during and for one month following treatment.
Male patients must use effective contraception measures during and for 3 months following treatment if their partner is pregnant or of childbearing potential and not using effective contraception.
If Kyprolis is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while receiving this drug, the patient should be informed of the potential hazard to the fetus. Kyprolis should only be used during pregnancy if the potential benefits to the mother outweigh the potential risks.
It is not known if the efficacy of oral contraceptives may be reduced during Kyprolis treatment. In addition, due to an increased risk of venous thrombosis associated with Kyprolis, patients currently using oral contraceptives or a hormonal method of contraception that is associated with a risk of thrombosis should consider an alternative method of effective contraception.
Based on its mechanism of action and findings in animals, Kyprolis can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Carfilzomib caused embryo-fetal toxicity in pregnant rabbits at doses that were lower than in patients receiving the recommended dose. Carfilzomib administered during the period of organogenesis was not teratogenic at doses up to 2 mg/kg/day in rats and 0.8 mg/kg/day in rabbits. The doses of 2 mg/kg/day in rats and 0.8 mg/kg/day in rabbits are approximately 20%, respectively, of the recommended dose in humans of 56 mg/m2 based on body surface area.

Use of Kyprolis with lenalidomide.

Lenalidomide (Pregnancy Category: X) is associated with risk of fetal harm, including severe life-threatening birth defects. Refer to the lenalidomide Product Information for additional information. When Kyprolis is used in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone, patients should adhere to the lenalidomide pregnancy prevention programme.
 It is unknown whether carfilzomib or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. Kyprolis should not be administered to women who are breastfeeding. As the risk to newborns or infants cannot be excluded, either breastfeeding should be discontinued, or treatment with Kyprolis should be discontinued or withheld, with consideration given to the benefit of breastfeeding for the child and the benefit of therapy to the mother.

4.7 Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines

No studies on the effects of carfilzomib on the ability to drive or use machines have been performed. Fatigue, dizziness, fainting and/or a drop in blood pressure have been observed in clinical trials. Patients being treated with Kyprolis should therefore be advised not to drive or operate machinery if they experience any of these symptoms.

4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects)

Adverse events.

Results from study PX-171-009 (ASPIRE) and study 2011-003 (ENDEAVOR).

The following table (Table 9) describes the overall incidence of adverse events from study PX-171-009 (ASPIRE), in 392 patients with relapsed multiple myeloma who received Kyprolis in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone, and study 2011-003 (ENDEAVOR), in 464 patients with relapsed multiple myeloma who received Kyprolis in combination with dexamethasone. Adverse events are shown in decreasing frequency of events reported in patients receiving Kyprolis in the 2011-003 study.

Combination with daratumumab and dexamethasone.

In the CANDOR study, in which Kyprolis 56 mg/m2 twice weekly was administered in both trial arms, deaths due to adverse events within 30 days of the last dose of any study treatment occurred in 30/308 (10%) patients in the KDd arm compared with 8/153 (5%) patients in the Kd arm. The most common cause of death occurring in patients in the two arms (KDd versus Kd) was infections, 14 (5%) versus 4 (3%). The risk of fatal treatment-emergent adverse events was higher among subjects ≥ 65 years of age (see Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use, Use in the elderly).
Serious adverse events were reported in 56% of the patients in the KDd arm and 46% of the patients in the Kd arm. The most common serious adverse events reported in the KDd arm as compared with the Kd arm were pneumonia (12% versus 9%), pyrexia (4% versus 2%), influenza (4% versus 1%), sepsis (4% versus 1%), anaemia (2% versus 1%), diarrhoea (2% versus 0%), and bronchitis (2% versus 0%). Grade ≥ 3 adverse events occurred in 82% of patients in the KDd arm as compared with 74% in the Kd arm. The most frequently reported (occurring in ≥ 10% of subjects in either treatment group [KDd, Kd]) grade ≥ 3 adverse events included thrombocytopenia (24%, 16%), hypertension (18%, 13%), anaemia (17%, 14%), and pneumonia (13%, 9%). Discontinuation of any study treatment due to any adverse events occurred in 22% of patients in the KDd arm versus 25% in the Kd arm. See Table 10.

Kyprolis in combination with isatuximab and dexamethasone.

The safety of Kyprolis in combination with isatuximab and dexamethasone was evaluated in IKEMA, a randomised, open-label clinical trial in patients with previously treated multiple myeloma.
The most frequent adverse reactions (in ≥ 20% of Isa-Kd patients) were infusion reactions (45.8% with Isa-Kd vs 3.3% with Kd), hypertension (36.7% with Isa-Kd vs 31.1% with Kd), diarrhoea (36.2% with Isa-Kd vs 28.7% with Kd), upper respiratory tract infection (36.2% with Isa-Kd vs 23.8% with Kd), fatigue (28.2% with Isa-Kd vs 18.9% with Kd), dyspnoea (27.7% with Isa-Kd vs 21.3% with Kd), insomnia (23.7% with Isa-Kd vs 23.0% with Kd), pneumonia (28.8% with Isa-Kd vs 23.0% with Kd), bronchitis (22.6% with Isa-Kd vs 12.3% with Kd), and back pain (22.0% with Isa-Kd vs 20.5% with Kd). Adverse reactions with a grade > 3 occurred in 76.8% of patients receiving Isa-Kd and in 67.2% of patients receiving Kd. Serious adverse reactions occurred in 59.3% of patients receiving Isa-Kd and in 57.4% of patients receiving Kd. The most frequent serious adverse reaction (in ≥ 5% of patients) was pneumonia (21.5% with Isa-Kd vs 13.9% with Kd). Adverse reactions with a fatal outcome during treatment were reported in 3.4% of patients in the Isa-Kd group and in 3.3% of patients in the Kd group (those occurring in more than 1% of patients were pneumonia and cardiac failure both occurring in 1.1% of patients in the Isa-Kd group, and pneumonia occurring in 0.8% of patients in the Kd group). Permanent discontinuation of treatment because of adverse reactions was reported in 8.5% of patients treated with Isa-Kd and in 13.9% of patients treated with Kd.

Adverse reactions.

Serious adverse reactions that may occur during Kyprolis treatment include: cardiac failure, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, myocardial ischaemia, interstitial lung disease, pneumonitis, ARDS, acute respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension, dyspnoea, hypertension including hypertensive crises, acute kidney injury, tumour lysis syndrome, infusion related reaction, gastrointestinal haemorrhage, intracranial haemorrhage, pulmonary haemorrhage, thrombocytopenia, hepatic failure, hepatitis B virus reactivation, PRES, thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP/HUS. In clinical studies with Kyprolis, cardiac toxicity and dyspnoea typically occurred early in the course of Kyprolis therapy. The most common adverse reactions (occurring in > 20% of subjects) were: anaemia, fatigue, diarrhoea, thrombocytopenia, nausea, pyrexia, dyspnoea, respiratory tract infection, cough and neutropenia.
Adverse reactions are presented by system organ class and frequency category (Table 11). Frequency categories were determined from the crude incidence rate reported for each adverse reaction from a dataset of pooled clinical studies (n = 3878). Within each system organ class and frequency category, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

Cardiac failure, myocardial infarction and myocardial ischaemia.

In clinical studies with Kyprolis, cardiac failure was reported in approximately 7% of subjects (< 5% of subjects had grade ≥ 3 events), myocardial infarction was reported in approximately 2% of subjects (< 1.5% of subjects had grade ≥ 3 events) and myocardial ischaemia was reported in approximately 1% of subjects (< 1% of subjects had grade ≥ 3 events). In study 2011-003, the incidence of cardiac failure events for the Kyprolis and dexamethasone (Kd) arm was 21% (11/53) for subjects from Asian countries and 10% (40/410) for subjects from non-Asian countries. Grade ≥ 3 cardiac failure events were reported in 11% of subjects from Asian countries and 5% of subjects from non-Asian countries. These events typically occurred early in the course of Kyprolis therapy (< 5 cycles). For clinical management of cardiac disorders during Kyprolis treatment, see Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use, Cardiac disorders.
In CANDOR study, the overall incidence of cardiac disorders (any and all grade events) in the subgroup of patients with baseline vascular disorders or baseline hypertension was 29.9% versus 19.8% (KDd versus Kd), and 30.6% versus 18.1%, respectively. For fatal cardiac events, the incidence was 1.9% versus 0.0% (KDd versus Kd) and 1.5% versus 0.0%, respectively. No single type of cardiac event accounted for the difference reported between the KDd versus Kd arms in the subgroup of patients with baseline vascular disorders or baseline hypertension.

Dyspnoea.

Dyspnoea was reported in approximately 30% of subjects in clinical studies with Kyprolis. The majority of dyspnoea adverse reactions were non-serious (< 5% of subjects had grade ≥ 3 events), resolved, rarely resulted in treatment discontinuation, and had an onset early in the course of study (< 3 cycles). For clinical management of dyspnoea during Kyprolis treatment, see Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use, Dyspnoea.

Hypertension including hypertensive crises.

Hypertensive crises (hypertensive urgency or hypertensive emergency) have occurred following administration of Kyprolis. Some of these events have been fatal. In clinical studies, hypertension adverse events occurred in approximately 20% of subjects and approximately 7% of subjects had grade ≥ 3 hypertension events, but hypertensive crises occurred in < 0.5% of subjects. The incidence of hypertension adverse events was similar between those with or without a prior medical history of hypertension. For clinical management of hypertension during Kyprolis treatment, see Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use, Hypertension.

Thrombocytopenia.

Thrombocytopenia was reported in approximately 34% of subjects in clinical studies with Kyprolis and approximately 20% of subjects had grade ≥ 3 events. Kyprolis causes thrombocytopenia through inhibition of platelet budding from megakaryocytes resulting in a classic cyclical thrombocytopenia with platelet nadirs occurring around day 8 or 15 of each 28 day cycle and usually associated with recovery to baseline by the start of the next cycle. For clinical management of thrombocytopenia during Kyprolis treatment, see Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use, Haemorrhage and thrombocytopenia.

Venous thromboembolic events.

Cases of venous thromboembolic events, including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism with fatal outcomes, have been reported in patients who received Kyprolis (see Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use, Venous thrombosis). The overall incidence of venous thromboembolic events was higher in the Kyprolis arms of two phase 3 studies. In study PX-171-009 the incidence of venous thromboembolic events was 15.3% in the Kyprolis, lenalidomide and dexamethasone (KRd) arm and 9.0% in the lenalidomide and dexamethasone (Rd) arm. Grade ≥ 3 venous thromboembolic events were reported in 5.6% of patients in the KRd arm and 3.9% of patients in the Rd arm. In study 2011-003 the incidence of venous thromboembolic events was 12.5% in the Kd arm and 3.3% in the bortezomib and dexamethasone (Vd) arm. Grade ≥ 3 venous thromboembolic events were reported in 3.5% of patients in the Kd arm and 1.8% of patients in the Vd arm.

Peripheral neuropathy.

In the ENDEAVOR study, a randomised, open label multicentre study in patients receiving Kyprolis 20/56 mg/m2 infused over 30 minutes in combination with dexamethasone (Kd, n = 464) versus bortezomib plus dexamethasone (Vd, n = 465), cases of grade 2 and higher peripheral neuropathy were reported in 7% of patients with relapsed multiple myeloma in the Kd arm, compared with 35% in the Vd arm at the time of the pre planned OS analysis. In CANDOR study, cases of grade 2 and higher peripheral neuropathy were reported in 10.1% of patients with relapsed multiple myeloma in the KDd arm compared with 3.9% in the Kd arm.

Infusion reaction.

In the CANDOR study, there was a higher risk of infusion reaction when carfilzomib is administered with daratumumab.

Respiratory tract infections.

In the CANDOR study, respiratory tract infections reported as serious adverse reactions occurred in each treatment group (27.6% in KDd arm and 15.0% in Kd arm), pneumonia reported as serious adverse reactions occurred in each treatment group (15.3% in KDd arm and 9.8% in Kd arm). 1.3% and 0% events have been fatal in the KDd and Kd arms, respectively.

Post-marketing experience.

The following adverse reactions have been reported during post-approval use of Kyprolis.

Blood and lymphatic system disorders.

Rare: haemolytic uremic syndrome.

Cardiac disorders.

Uncommon: cardiomyopathy, ventricular tachycardia.
Rare: pericarditis.

Gastrointestinal disorders.

Rare: gastrointestinal perforation.

Infections and infestations.

Rare: cytomegalovirus chorioretinitis.

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders.

Rare: laryngeal oedema.

Reporting suspected adverse effects.

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after registration of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit-risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions at http://www.tga.gov.au/reporting-problems.

4.9 Overdose

Acute onset of chills, hypotension, renal insufficiency, thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia have been reported following administration of 200 mg Kyprolis in error.
There is no known specific antidote for carfilzomib overdose. In the event of an overdose, the patient should be monitored, specifically for the side effects and/or adverse drug reactions (see Section 4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects)).
For information on the management of overdose, contact the Poison Information Centre on 131126 (Australia).

5 Pharmacological Properties

5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties

Mechanism of action.

Carfilzomib is a tetrapeptide epoxyketone proteasome inhibitor that selectively and irreversibly binds to the N-terminal threonine containing active sites of the 20S proteasome, the proteolytic core particle within the 26S proteasome and displays little to no activity against other protease classes. Carfilzomib had antiproliferative and proapoptotic activities in preclinical models in solid and haematological tumours. In animals, carfilzomib inhibited proteasome activity in blood and tissue and delayed tumour growth in models of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and colorectal adenocarcinoma.

Pharmacodynamics.

Intravenous carfilzomib administration resulted in suppression of proteasome chymotrypsin-like (CT-L) activity when measured in blood 1 hour after the first dose. Doses of ≥ 15 mg/m2 consistently induced an (≥ 80%) inhibition of the CT-L activity of the proteasome. In addition, administration of 20 mg/m2 carfilzomib resulted in inhibition of the low molecular mass polypeptide 2 (LMP2) and multicatalytic endopeptidase complex-like 1 (MECL1) subunits of the immunoproteasome ranging from 26% to 32% and 41% to 49%, respectively. Proteasome inhibition was maintained for ≥ 48 hours following the first dose of carfilzomib for each week of dosing. Combination dosing with lenalidomide and dexamethasone did not affect the pharmacodynamics (proteasome activity) of carfilzomib in subjects.

Clinical trials.

Kyprolis in combination with daratumumab and dexamethasone in multiple myeloma study 0160275 (CANDOR).

CANDOR was a randomised, open-label, multicentre superiority Phase 3 trial of Kyprolis with daratumumab and dexamethasone (KDd) twice weekly (20/56 mg/m2) versus Kyprolis and dexamethasone (Kd) twice weekly (20/56 mg/m2) in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who had received 1 to 3 prior lines of therapy. Patients were excluded if they had known moderate or severe persistent asthma within the past 2 years, known chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with a forced expiratory volume (FEV1) < 50% of predicted normal, and active congestive heart failure. A total of 466 patients were enrolled and randomised in a 2:1 ratio (312 in KDd arm and 154 in Kd arm). Randomisation was stratified by the International Staging System (ISS) (stage 1 or 2 vs stage 3) at screening, prior proteasome inhibitor exposure (yes vs no), number of prior lines of therapy (1 vs ≥ 2), and prior cluster differentiation antigen 38 (CD38) antibody therapy (yes vs no).
In the KDd and Kd arms, Kyprolis was evaluated at a starting dose of 20 mg/m2, which was increased to 56 mg/m2 on cycle 1, day 8 onward. Kyprolis was administered twice weekly as a 30 minute infusion on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15 and 16 of each 28 day cycle. In the KDd arm, daratumumab was evaluated at a 16 mg/kg split dose of 8 mg/kg in cycle 1 on days 1 and 2. Thereafter, daratumumab was administered 16 mg/kg once weekly on days 8, 15 and 22 of Cycle 1 and Days 1, 8 and 15 and 22 of cycle 2, then every 2 weeks for 4 cycles (cycles 3 to 6) and then every 4 weeks for the remaining cycles or until disease progression. In both arms, dexamethasone 20 mg was administered on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15 and 16 and then 40 mg orally or intravenously on day 22 of each 28 day cycle. The demographics and baseline characteristics are summarised in Table 12.
The efficacy of Kyprolis was evaluated by PFS using International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) response criteria (see Figure 1). The trial demonstrated an improvement in PFS in the KDd arm as compared to the Kd arm (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.630; 95% CI: 0.464, 0.854; p = 0.0014) representing a 37% reduction in the risk of disease progression or death in patients treated with KDd. At the time of the primary PFS analysis, the median PFS had not been reached in the KDd arm and was 15.8 months in the Kd arm.
The overall response rate (ORR) was 84.3% for patients in the KDd arm and 74.7% in the Kd arm (see Table 13). The median duration of response (DOR) was not estimable for the KDd arm and was 16.6 months (13.9, NE) for the Kd arm. The median time to response (TTR) was 1.0 (1, 14) months for the KDd arm and 1.0 (1, 10) months for the Kd arm. Overall survival (OS) data were not mature, however, there was a trend toward longer OS in the KDd arm compared with Kd arm (see Figure 2).
Limited data are available in patients ≥ 75 years of age. A total of 43 patients ≥ 75 years of age were enrolled in study 20160275 (25 patients in the KDd group and 18 patients in the Kd group). A HR of 1.459 (95% CI: 0.504, 4.223) in PFS was observed. The risk of fatal treatment emergent adverse events was higher among subjects ≥ 65 years of age (see Section 4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects)). KDd should be used with caution in patients ≥ 75 years of age after careful consideration of the potential benefit/risk on an individual basis.

Kyprolis in combination with daratumumab and dexamethasone in multiple myeloma (EQUULEUS).

EQUULEUS was a Phase 1b open-label, non-randomised, multi-arm trial of daratumumab in combination with multiple myeloma therapy to evaluate the safety of 20/70 mg/m2 once weekly Kyprolis in combination with daratumumab. The arm evaluating weekly Kyprolis with daratumumab and dexamethasone (KDd) included 85 patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Patients were excluded if they had known moderate or severe persistent asthma within the past 2 years, known COPD with a FEV1 < 50% of predicted normal, and active congestive heart failure. Kyprolis was administered at a starting dose of 20 mg/m2, which was increased to 70 mg/m2 on cycle 1, day 8 and onward. Kyprolis was administered once weekly as a 30 minute infusion on days 1, 8, and 15 of each 28 day cycle. Ten patients were administered a single first dose of daratumumab at 16 mg/kg on cycle 1, day 1. The remaining 75 patients were administered a split first dose of daratumumab at 8 mg/kg per day on cycle 1, day 1 and 2. Thereafter, a single 16 mg/kg dose was administered on days 8, 15 and 22 of cycle 1 and days 1, 8, 15 and 22 of cycle 2, every 2 weeks for 4 cycles (cycles 3-6) and then every 4 weeks for the remaining cycles of each 28 day cycle. Dexamethasone was taken orally or intravenously at a dose of 20 mg in cycle 1 and 2 on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16, 22 and 23. In cycles 3-6, dexamethasone was taken at a dose of 20 mg on days 1, 2, 15 and 16 and at a dose of 40 mg on day 22. In cycles 7 and thereafter, dexamethasone was taken at a dose of 20 mg on days 1 and 2 and at a dose of 40 mg on days 8, 15, and 22. Patients > 75 years of age were administered 20 mg of dexamethasone orally or intravenously weekly after the first week. Dexamethasone 40 mg was administered 30 minutes to 4 hours before Kyprolis. on days 1, 8, 15 and 22 of each 28 day cycle. Treatment continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. See Table 14.
Efficacy was a secondary objective of the study. The efficacy of Kyprolis, evaluated by ORR using IMWG response criteria was 81%. The median time to response was 0.95 months (range: 0.9, 14.3). The median duration of response was 28 months (95% CI: 20.5, not estimable). See Table 15.

Kyprolis in combination with isatuximab and dexamethasone for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (IKEMA (EFC15246)).

The efficacy and safety of Kyprolis in combination with isatuximab and dexamethasone were evaluated in IKEMA, a multicentre, multinational, randomised, open-label, 2-arm, phase 3 study in patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma. Patients had received one to three prior lines of therapy.
A total of 302 patients were randomised in a 3:2 ratio to receive either Kyprolis in combination with isatuximab and dexamethasone (Isa-Kd, 179 patients) or Kyprolis and dexamethasone (Kd, 123 patients). Treatment was administered in both groups in 28 day cycles until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Isatuximab 10 mg/kg was administered as an intravenous infusion weekly in the first cycle and every two weeks thereafter. Kyprolis was administered as an intravenous infusion at the dose of 20 mg/m2 on days 1 and 2; 56 mg/m2 on days 8, 9, 15, and 16 of cycle 1; and at the dose of 56 mg/m2 on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 for subsequent cycles of each 28 day cycle. Dexamethasone (intravenously on the days of isatuximab and/or Kyprolis infusions, and orally on the other days) 20 mg was given on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16, 22, and 23 for each 28 day cycle. On the days where both Kyprolis and isatuximab were administered, dexamethasone was administered first, followed by isatuximab infusion, then followed by Kyprolis infusion.
Overall, demographic and disease characteristics at baseline were similar between the two treatment groups. The median patient age was 64 years (range 33-90), 8.9% of patients were ≥ 75 years. The proportion of patients with renal impairment (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) was 24% in the Isa-Kd group versus 14.6% in the Kd group. The International Staging System (ISS) stage at study entry was I in 53.0%, II in 31.1%, and III in 15.2% of patients. Overall, 24.2% of patients had high-risk chromosomal abnormalities at study entry; del(17p), t(4;14), t(14;16) were present in 11.3%, 13.9%, and 2.0% of patients, respectively. In addition, gain(1q21) was present in 42.1% of patients.
The median number of prior lines of therapy was 2 (range 1-4) with 44.4% of patients who received 1 prior line of therapy. Overall, 89.7% of patients received prior proteasome inhibitors, 78.1% received prior immunomodulators (including 43.4% who received prior lenalidomide), and 61.3% received prior stem cell transplantation. Overall, 33% of patients were refractory to prior proteasome inhibitors, 45.0% were refractory to prior immunomodulators (including 32.8% refractory to lenalidomide), and 20.5% were refractory to both a proteasome inhibitor and an immunomodulator.
The median duration of treatment was 80.0 weeks for the Isa-Kd group compared to 61.4 weeks for the Kd group.
Progression-free survival (PFS) was the primary efficacy endpoint of IKEMA. The improvement in PFS represented a 46.9% reduction in the risk of disease progression or death in patients treated with Isa-Kd compared to patients treated with Kd. Efficacy results are presented in Table 16.
PFS improvements in the Isa-Kd group were observed in patients with high-risk cytogenetics (central laboratory assessment, HR = 0.724; 95% CI: 0.361 to 1.451), with gain (1q21) chromosomal abnormality (HR=0.569; 95% CI: 0.330 to 0.981), ≥ 65 years (HR = 0.429; 95% CI: 0.248 to 0.742), with baseline eGFR (MDRD) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (HR = 0.273; 95% CI: 0.113 to 0.660), with > 1 prior line of therapy (HR = 0.479; 95% CI: 0.294 to 0.778), with ISS stage III at study entry (HR = 0.650; 95% CI: 0.295 to 1.434), and in patients refractory to prior therapy with lenalidomide (HR = 0.598; 95% CI: 0.339 to 1.055).
The median time to first response was 1.08 months in the Isa-Kd group and 1.12 months in the Kd group. The median time to progression was not reached in the Isa-Kd group and was 20.27 months (95% CI: 16.986-NR) in the Kd group (HR = 0.495; 95% CI: 0.324-0.757). With a median follow-up time of 20.73 months, 17.3% patients in the Isa Kd arm and 20.3% patients in the Kd arm had died. See Figure 3.
Among patients with eGFR (MDRD) < 50 mL/min/1.73 m2 at baseline, complete renal response (≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at ≥ 1 postbaseline assessment) was observed for 52.0% of patients in the Isa-Kd group and 30.8% in the Kd group. Sustained complete renal response (≥ 60 days) occurred in 32.0% of patients in the Isa-Kd group and in 7.7% in the Kd group. In the 4 patients in the Isa-Kd group and the 3 patients in the Kd group with severe renal impairment at baseline (eGFR (MDRD) > 15 to < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2), minimal renal response (≥ 30 to < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at ≥ 1 postbaseline assessment) was observed for 100% of patients in the Isa-Kd group and 33.3% of patients in the Kd group.
Overall, the quality of life assessed by Global Health Status Score (QLQ C30) was maintained during the treatment period.

Study PX-171-009 (ASPIRE).

The safety and efficacy of Kyprolis were evaluated in a phase 3, randomised, open-label, multicentre study of 792 patients with relapsed multiple myeloma who had received 1 to 3 prior lines of therapy (median of 2), which evaluated the combination of Kyprolis with lenalidomide (25 mg) and dexamethasone (40 mg) versus lenalidomide and dexamethasone alone, randomised 1:1. Patients who had the following were excluded from the trial: creatinine clearance rates < 50 mL/min, New York Heart Association Class III to IV congestive heart failure, or myocardial infarction within the last 4 months. Kyprolis treatment was administered for a maximum of 18 cycles unless discontinued early for disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Lenalidomide and dexamethasone administration could continue until progression or unacceptable toxicity.
The demographics and baseline characteristics for study PX-171-009 were well-balanced between the two arms. The study enrolled a representative relapsed multiple myeloma population; disease and other baseline characteristics were well-balanced between the two arms, including age (64 years), gender (56% male), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (48% with performance status 1), high-risk genetic mutations (13%, based on FISH analysis), unknown-risk genetic mutations (47%, based on FISH analysis) and baseline ISS stage III disease (20%).
The primary endpoint of this study was progression free survival (PFS). The secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), overall response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), duration of response (DOR), time to response (TTR) and duration of clinical benefit (DCB). The rate of clinical benefit (CBR) was an exploratory endpoint.
The results of study PX-171-009 are summarised in Table 17; results other than for OS are from the interim analysis performed when the primary endpoint was met.
Patients in the Kyprolis, lenalidomide and dexamethasone (KRd) arm demonstrated improved PFS compared with those in the lenalidomide and dexamethasone (Rd) arm (HR = 0.69, 1 sided p-value < 0.0001; see Figure 4). This represents a 45% improvement in PFS or a 31% reduction in the risk of event as determined using standard objective IMWG/European Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) response criteria by an Independent Review Committee (IRC).
The median PFS was 26.3 months (95% CI: 23.3, 30.5 months) in the KRd arm versus 17.6 months (95% CI: 15.0, 20.6 months) in the Rd arm, a difference of 8.7 months at the median (Figure 4). The PFS benefit of KRd was consistently observed in all subgroups, including patients ≥ 75 years of age, patients with high risk or unknown risk genetic mutations, and patients with baseline creatinine clearance of 30 to < 50 mL/min (see Figure 5).
A pre-planned OS analysis was performed after 246 deaths in the KRd arm and 267 deaths in the Rd arm. The median follow-up was approximately 67 months. A statistically significant advantage in OS was observed in patients in the KRd arm compared to patients in the Rd arm. Patients in the KRd arm had a 21% reduction in the risk of death compared with those in the Rd arm (HR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.95; p-value = 0.0045). The median OS improved by 7.9 months in patients in the KRd arm compared with those in the Rd arm (see Table 17 and Figure 6). 49.6% of patients were treated with at least 1 antimyeloma therapy after investigational product (n = 182 (46.0%) KRd arm; n = 211 (53.3%) Rd arm). Subsequent antimyeloma therapies were generally balanced across treatment groups.
The ORR was higher in the KRd versus the Rd arm (87.1% versus 66.7%; 1 sided p-value < 0.0001). Rate and depth of response were increased in the KRd versus Rd arm with 31.8% complete response (CR) and higher in the KRd arm (including 14.1% stringent complete response [sCR]) versus 9.3% CR and higher in the Rd arm (including 4.3% sCR).

Study 2011-003 (ENDEAVOR).

The safety and efficacy of 56 mg/m2 Kyprolis twice weekly were evaluated in a phase 3, randomised, open-label, multicentre study of Kyprolis and dexamethasone (Kd) versus bortezomib and dexamethasone (Vd). A total of 929 patients with relapsed multiple myeloma who had received 1 to 3 prior lines of therapy were enrolled and randomised (464 in the Kd arm; 465 in the Vd arm). Patients randomised to the Vd arm could receive bortezomib either by the intravenous (n = 108) or subcutaneous (n = 357) route. Patients who had the following were excluded from the trial: creatinine clearance rates < 15 mL/min, New York Heart Association Class III to IV congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction within the last 4 months or those with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 40%. This study evaluated Kyprolis at an initial dose of 20 mg/m2, which was increased to 56 mg/m2 on day 8 of cycle 1, administered twice weekly for 3 out of 4 weeks as a 30 minute infusion until progression or unacceptable toxicity.
The study enrolled a representative relapsed multiple myeloma population; disease and other baseline characteristics were well-balanced between the two arms, including prior treatment with bortezomib (54%), prior treatment with lenalidomide (38%), age (47% < 65 years), gender (51% male), ECOG performance status (45% with performance status 1), high-risk genetic mutations consisting of genetic subtypes t(4;14) or t(14;16) in ≥ 10% of screened plasma cells, or deletion of 17p in ≥ 20% of plasma cells (23%, based on FISH analysis), unknown-risk genetic mutations (9%, based on FISH analysis) and baseline ISS stage III disease (24%).
The primary endpoint of this study was PFS as determined by an IRC using standard objective IMWG/response criteria. The key secondary endpoints were OS, ORR, and incidence of peripheral neuropathy events (≥ grade 2).
The results of study 2011-003 are summarised in Table 18.
The study showed significant improvement in PFS for patients in the Kd arm over those in the Vd arm (HR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.65 [p-value < 0.0001]), with a difference in median PFS of 9.3 months (18.7 months [95% CI: 15.6, NE] in the Kd arm versus 9.4 months [95% CI: 8.4, 10.4] in the Vd arm) (see Figure 7). Similar PFS results were observed in patients who had received prior treatment with bortezomib (HR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.73) and patients who had not received prior treatment with bortezomib (HR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.36, 0.66).
A pre-planned OS analysis was performed after 189 deaths in the Kd arm and 209 deaths in the Vd arm. The median follow-up was approximately 37 months. A statistically significant advantage in OS was observed in patients in the Kd arm compared to patients in the Vd arm (HR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.96 [p-value = 0.010]) (see Table 18 and Figure 9). ORR was 76.9% (95% CI: 72.8, 80.7) for patients in the Kd arm and 62.6% (95% CI: 58.0, 67.0) for patients in the Vd arm (odds ratio = 2.032, 95% CI: 1.519, 2.718 [p-value < 0.0001]).

Study 20140355 (A.R.R.O.W).

The safety and efficacy of 70 mg/m2 Kyprolis once weekly were evaluated in a phase 3, randomised, open-label, multicentre study of Kyprolis and dexamethasone (Kd) versus Kd 27 mg/m2 twice weekly. A total of 478 patients with relapsed multiple myeloma who had received 2 to 3 prior lines of therapy were enrolled and randomised (240 in the Kd 70 mg/m2 arm; 238 in the Kd 27 mg/m2 arm). This study evaluated Kyprolis at an initial dose of 20 mg/m2, which was increased to 70 mg/m2 on day 8 of cycle 1, administered once weekly as a 30 minute infusion until progression or unacceptable toxicity.
The study enrolled a representative relapsed multiple myeloma population; disease and other baseline characteristics were well-balanced between the two arms, including prior treatment with bortezomib (99%), prior treatment with lenalidomide (84%), age (43.5% < 65 years), gender (54% male), ECOG performance status (50.4% with performance status 1), high-risk genetic mutations consisting of genetic subtypes t(4;14) or t(14;16), or deletion of 17p (17%, based on FISH analysis), and unknown-risk genetic mutations (62%, based on FISH analysis).
The primary endpoint of this study was PFS. The key secondary endpoints were OS and ORR.
The efficacy of Kd once weekly is summarised in Table 19.
The study showed significantly longer duration of PFS for patients treated with Kd 70 mg/m2 once weekly than those treated with Kd 27 mg/m2 twice weekly (HR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.54, 0.87 [p-value = 0.0010]), with a difference in median PFS of 3.7 months (11.3 months in the Kd 70 mg/m2 once weekly arm versus 7.6 months in the Kd 27 mg/m2 twice weekly arm) (see Figure 10).
ORR was 63.8% (95% CI: 57.3, 69.8) for patients in the Kd 70 mg/m2 once weekly arm and 41.2% (95% CI: 34.9, 47.7) for patients in the Kd 27 mg/m2 twice weekly arm (odds ratio = 2.53; 95% CI: 1.75, 3.66; p-value < 0.0001) (see Table 19).
At the time of primary analysis of PFS, the HR for OS was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.56, 1.14; 1-sided p = 0.1070).

5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties

Absorption.

At doses between 20 and 70 mg/m2, carfilzomib administered as a 30 minute infusion resulted in dose-dependent increases in maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) and concentration-time curve (AUC). Following repeated administration of carfilzomib at 70 mg/m2, systemic exposure (AUC) and half-life were similar on day 15 of cycles 1 and 2, suggesting there was no systemic carfilzomib accumulation.
A 30 minute infusion resulted in a similar half-life and AUC, but 2 to 3 fold lower Cmax compared to that observed with a 2 to 10 minute infusion of the same dose.

Distribution.

The mean steady-state volume of distribution of a 20 mg/m2 dose of carfilzomib was 22 L. When tested in vitro, the binding of carfilzomib to human plasma proteins averaged 97% over the concentration range of 0.4 to 4 micromolar.

Metabolism.

Carfilzomib was rapidly and extensively metabolised. The predominant metabolites measured in human plasma and urine, and generated in vitro by human hepatocytes, were peptide fragments and the diol of carfilzomib, suggesting that peptidase cleavage and epoxide hydrolysis were the principal pathways of metabolism. Cytochrome P450 mediated mechanisms played a minor role in overall carfilzomib metabolism. The metabolites have no known biological activity.

Excretion.

Following intravenous administration of doses ≥ 15 mg/m2, carfilzomib was rapidly cleared from the systemic circulation with a half-life of ≤ 1 hour on day 1 of cycle 1. The systemic clearance ranged from 151 to 263 L/h, and exceeded hepatic blood flow, suggesting that carfilzomib was largely cleared extrahepatically. Carfilzomib is eliminated primarily via metabolism with subsequent excretion in urine. In the first 24 hours, approximately 25% of the administered dose of carfilzomib was excreted in urine as metabolites. Urinary and faecal excretion of the parent compound was negligible (0.3% of total dose).

Special populations.

Population pharmacokinetic analyses indicate that the pharmacokinetics of carfilzomib are not influenced by age, gender, or race.
The pharmacokinetics of carfilzomib were studied in patients with relapsed or progressive advanced malignancies with mild or moderate chronic hepatic impairment relative to those with normal hepatic function. No marked differences in exposures (AUC and Cmax) were observed between patients with normal hepatic function and those with mild or moderate baseline hepatic impairment. The pharmacokinetics of carfilzomib have not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration, Patients with hepatic impairment).
The pharmacokinetics of carfilzomib were studied in relapsed multiple myeloma patients with normal renal function, mild, moderate or severe renal impairment, and patients with end-stage renal disease requiring haemodialysis. Exposures of carfilzomib (AUC and Cmax) in patients with renal impairment were similar to those with normal renal function. No starting dose adjustment is required in patients with baseline renal impairment (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration, Patients with renal impairment).

5.3 Preclinical Safety Data

Genotoxicity.

Carfilzomib was clastogenic in the in vitro chromosomal aberration test in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Carfilzomib was not mutagenic in the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test and was not clastogenic in the in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay.

Carcinogenicity.

Carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted with carfilzomib.

6 Pharmaceutical Particulars

6.1 List of Excipients

Each single-use vial contains:
10 mg vial: sulfobutyl betadex sodium (500 mg), citric acid (9.6 mg) and sodium hydroxide (for pH adjustment).
30 mg vial: sulfobutyl betadex sodium (1.5 g), citric acid (28.8 mg) and sodium hydroxide (for pH adjustment).
60 mg vial: sulfobutyl betadex sodium (3 g), citric acid (57.7 mg) and sodium hydroxide (for pH adjustment).

6.2 Incompatibilities

Normal saline should not be used for reconstitution of carfilzomib. Reconstituted carfilzomib for injection should not be diluted into a 0.9% sodium chloride IV bag for IV administration.

6.3 Shelf Life

In Australia, information on the shelf life can be found on the public summary of the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG). The expiry date can be found on the packaging.

6.4 Special Precautions for Storage

Unopened vials should be stored at 2°C to 8°C (Refrigerate. Do not freeze). Store in the original carton in order to protect from light.

Reconstituted solution.

To reduce microbiological hazard, use as soon as practicable after reconstitution. If storage of the reconstituted solution is necessary, hold at 2°C to 8°C for not more than 24 hours, or below 25°C for not more than 4 hours.
It is not necessary to protect the reconstituted or diluted product from light.

6.5 Nature and Contents of Container

Kyprolis is supplied in a 10 mL, 30 mL or 50 mL Type I clear glass vial, fluoropolymer laminated elastomeric stopper and aluminium seal with plastic flip off cap. Each pack of Kyprolis contains a single vial.
Presentations available in Australia: 10 mL single-use vial containing 10 mg of carfilzomib; 30 mL single-use vial containing 30 mg of carfilzomib; 50 mL single-use vial containing 60 mg of carfilzomib.

6.6 Special Precautions for Disposal

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

6.7 Physicochemical Properties

Chemical structure.

The chemical name for carfilzomib is (2S)-N-((S)-1-((S) -4-methyl-1-((R)-2-methyloxiran -2-yl)-1-oxopentan-2-ylcarbamoyl) -2-phenylethyl)-2-((S)-2- (2-morpholinoacetamido)-4-phenylbutanamido) -4-methylpentanamide.
Carfilzomib has five chiral centres at 3R, 5S, 10S, 17S and 22S. It is practically insoluble in water at pH 5 (1 microgram/mL), and more soluble at lower pH (10 microgram/mL at pH 3 and 1.8 mg/mL at pH 1) and organic solvents (e.g. methanol).
C40H57N5O7. MW: 719.9 g/mol.

ATC code.

L01XG02.

CAS number.

CAS Registry No. 868540-17-4.

7 Medicine Schedule (Poisons Standard)

Prescription Only Medicine (S4).

Summary Table of Changes