Notes
Distributed by Medsurge Healthcare Pty Ltd
1 Name of Medicine
Metronidazole.
2 Qualitative and Quantitative Composition
Metronidazole tablets contain 200 mg or 400 mg metronidazole.
For the full list of excipients, see Section 6.1 List of Excipients.
3 Pharmaceutical Form
200 mg tablets: white to off white coloured, caplet shaped film coated tablets, debossed "200" on one side and plain on other side.
400 mg tablets: white to off white coloured, caplet shaped film coated tablets, debossed "400" on one side and plain on other side.
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
Anaerobic infections.
Oral.
Treatment of infections in which anaerobic bacteria have been identified or are suspected as pathogens, particularly Bacteroides fragilis and other species of bacteroides, and other species such as fusobacteria, eubacteria, clostridia and anaerobic streptococci. Metronidazole has been used successfully in septicaemia; bacteraemia; brain abscess; necrotising pneumonia; osteomyelitis; puerperal sepsis; pelvic abscess; pelvic cellulitis; postoperative wound infections.
Metronidazole may be used prophylactically to prevent infection of the surgical site which may have been contaminated or potentially contaminated with anaerobic organisms. Procedures in which this may be assumed to have happened include appendicectomy, colonic surgery, vaginal hysterectomy, abdominal surgery in the presence of anaerobes in the peritoneal cavity and surgery performed in the presence of anaerobic septicaemia.
Note.
Metronidazole is inactive against aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria.
Other indications.
Oral treatment of urogenital trichomoniasis in the female (trichomonal vaginitis) and in the male, and for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. The male consort of females suffering from urogenital trichomoniasis should be treated concurrently; all forms of amoebiasis (intestinal and extraintestinal disease and that of symptomless cyst passers); giardiasis; acute ulcerative gingivitis.4.2 Dose and Method of Administration
A maximum of 4 g should not be exceeded during a 24 hour period. Dosages should be decreased in patients with severe hepatic disease; plasma metronidazole levels should be monitored.
In elderly patients the pharmacokinetics of metronidazole may be altered and therefore monitoring of serum levels may be necessary to adjust the metronidazole dosage accordingly.
Oral.
(Summarised in Table 1.)
The tablets should be swallowed, without chewing, with a draught of water. It is recommended that the tablets be taken during or after a meal. Metronidazole tablets may be given alone or concurrently with other bacteriologically appropriate antibacterial agents.
Treatment for 7 days should be satisfactory for most patients but, depending on clinical and bacteriological assessment, the clinician might decide to prolong treatment, e.g. for the eradication of infection from site which cannot be drained or are liable to endogenous recontamination by anaerobic pathogens from the gut, oropharynx or female genital tract.
Surgical prophylaxis. Note.
Prevention of infection at the surgical site requires that adequate tissue concentration of the drug should have been achieved at the time of surgery. The doses and route of administration should be selected in this case to achieve this objective.
As an oral ingestion is often prohibited 12 hours or longer before surgery, and it may not be practical for a variable period following surgery, tablets are not considered to be an appropriate formulation for prophylactic use. However, if oral intake is not contraindicated and is feasible following surgery, 400 mg may be taken one to two hours before surgery and repeated every eight hours for 24 hours.
The corresponding dose for children under 12 years is 100 mg to 200 mg for 1 to 7 years, and 200 mg to 400 mg for 7 to 12 years one to two hours before surgery, repeated every eight hours for 24 hours.4.3 Contraindications
1. Patients with evidence of or a history of blood dyscrasias should not receive the drug since upon occasion a mild leucopenia has been observed during its administration. However, no persistent haematological abnormalities have been observed in animals or clinical studies.
2. Active organic disease of the central nervous system.
3. Hypersensitivity to metronidazole and other imidazoles.
4. Patients with Cockayne syndrome. Severe irreversible hepatotoxicity/acute liver failure with fatal outcomes have been reported after initiation of metronidazole in patients with Cockayne syndrome (see Section 4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects)).
4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use
Alcohol.
Alcoholic beverages and drugs containing alcohol, should not be consumed by patients being treated with metronidazole and for at least a day after treatment as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, headaches, tachycardia and flushing may occur. There is the possibility of a disulfiram-like (Antabuse) effect reaction.
Candidiasis.
Candida overgrowth in the gastrointestinal or genital tract may occur during metronidazole therapy and require treatment with a candidacidal drug.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES).
Patients treated with metronidazole have been reported to develop posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). If patients taking metronidazole present with symptoms indicating PRES such as headache, altered mental status, seizures, and visual disturbances, a radiological procedure (e.g. MRI) should be performed. If PRES is diagnosed, adequate blood pressure control and immediate discontinuation of metronidazole is advised. Most patients completely recover after appropriate measures are taken.
Severe bullous skin reactions.
Cases of severe bullous skin reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) or acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) have been reported with metronidazole (see Section 4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects)). If symptoms or signs of SJS, TEN or AGEP are present, metronidazole treatment must be immediately discontinued.
Long term therapy.
If metronidazole is to be administered for more than 10 days, it is recommended that haematological tests, especially total and differential leucocyte counts, be carried out regularly and that patients be monitored for adverse reactions such as peripheral or central neuropathy (such as paresthesia, ataxia, dizziness, vertigo, convulsive seizures). If leucopenia or abnormal neurological signs occur, the drug should be discontinued immediately.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Use of metronidazole may increase the risk of subsequent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Surgical drainage.
Use of metronidazole does not obviate the need for aspirations of pus whenever indicated.
Nervous system.
Metronidazole should be used with caution in patients with active or chronic severe peripheral and central nervous system diseases due to the risk of neurological damage.
Patients should be warned about the potential for confusion, dizziness, hallucinations, convulsions or transient visual disorders and advised not to drive or use machinery if these symptoms occur.
Suicidal ideation.
Cases of suicidal ideation with or without depression have been reported during treatment with metronidazole. Patients should be advised to discontinue treatment and contact their healthcare provider immediately if they experience psychiatric symptoms during treatment.
Use in renal impairment.
In patients on twice weekly haemodialysis, metronidazole and its major active metabolite are rapidly removed during an 8 hour period of dialysis, so that the plasma concentration quickly falls below the therapeutic range. Hence, a further dose of metronidazole would be needed after dialysis to restore an adequate plasma concentration. In patients with renal failure the half-life of metronidazole is unchanged, but those of its major metabolites are prolonged 4-fold or greater. The accumulation of the hydroxy metabolite could be associated with side effects and measurement of its plasma concentration by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been recommended.
Use in hepatic impairment.
No information available. As metronidazole is partly metabolised in the liver, caution should be exercised in patients with impaired liver function or hepatic encephalopathy.
Metronidazole may interfere with certain chemical analysis of serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), triglycerides and hexokinase glucose to give abnormally low values.
Use in the elderly.
See Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration.
Paediatric use.
See Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration.
Effects on laboratory tests.
Metronidazole may interfere with certain types of blood test determinations in blood (aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), triglycerides, glucose), which may lead to false negative or an abnormally low result. These analytical determinations are based on a decrease in ultraviolet absorbance, a fact that occurs when nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen (NADH) is oxidized to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The interference is due to the similarity in the absorption peaks of NADH (340 nanometer) and metronidazole (322 nanometer) at pH 7.4.5 Interactions with Other Medicines and Other Forms of Interactions
1. Metronidazole enhances the activity of warfarin, and if metronidazole is to be given to patients receiving this or other anticoagulants, the dosages of the latter should be recalibrated. There is an increased haemorrhagic risk caused by decreased hepatic metabolism. Prothrombin times should be monitored as should anticoagulant activity.
2. The simultaneous administration of drugs that induce microsomal liver enzymes, such as phenytoin or phenobarbital (phenobarbitone), may accelerate the elimination of metronidazole, resulting in reduced plasma levels; impaired clearance of phenytoin has also been reported.
3. The simultaneous administration of drugs that decrease microsomal liver enzyme activity, such as cimetidine, may prolong the half-life and decrease plasma clearance of metronidazole.
4. In patients stabilised on relatively high doses of lithium, short-term metronidazole therapy has been associated with elevation of serum lithium and, in a few cases, signs of lithium toxicity. Serum lithium and serum creatinine levels and electrolytes should be obtained several days after beginning metronidazole to detect any increase that may precede clinical symptoms of lithium intoxication.
5. Psychotic reactions have been reported in patients who were using metronidazole and disulfiram concurrently. Metronidazole should not be given to patients who have taken disulfiram within the last two weeks.
6. Carmustine, cyclophosphamide monohydrate: metronidazole should be used with caution in patients receiving these drugs.
7. There is a risk of ciclosporin serum levels increasing when it is used in combination with metronidazole. Serum ciclosporin and serum creatinine should be closely monitored when coadministration is necessary.
8. Metronidazole used in combination with 5-fluorouracil may lead to reduced clearance of 5-fluorouracil, resulting in increased toxicity.
9. Alcoholic beverages and drugs containing alcohol should not be consumed during metronidazole therapy and for at least one day afterwards because of the possibility of a disulfiram-like (Antabuse effect) reaction (flushing, vomiting, tachycardia).
10. Plasma levels of busulfan may be increased by metronidazole, which may lead to severe busulfan toxicity.
11. QT prolongation has been reported, particularly when metronidazole was administered with drugs with the potential for prolonging the QT interval.
4.6 Fertility, Pregnancy and Lactation
Effects on fertility.
No data available.
(Category B2)
Metronidazole should not be given in the first trimester of pregnancy as it crosses the placenta and enters foetal circulation rapidly. As its effects on human foetal organogenesis are not known, its use in pregnancy should be carefully evaluated. Although it has not been shown to be teratogenic in either human or animal studies, such a possibility cannot be excluded.
Use of metronidazole for trichomoniasis in the second and third trimesters should be restricted to those in whom local palliative treatment has been inadequate to control symptoms.
Metronidazole is secreted in breast milk (see Section 5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties). In view of its tumorigenic and mutagenic potential (see Section 5.3 Preclinical Safety Data), breastfeeding is not recommended.4.7 Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines
Patients should be warned about the potential for confusion, dizziness, vertigo, hallucinations, convulsions or transient visual disorders and advised not to drive or use machinery if these symptoms occur. (See Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use; Section 4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects)).
4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects)
Gastrointestinal effects.
When given orally, metronidazole is well tolerated. The most common adverse reactions refer to the gastrointestinal tract, particularly nausea, sometimes accompanied by headache, anorexia and occasionally vomiting, diarrhoea, epigastric pain or distress and abdominal cramping; constipation, oral mucositis and taste disorders have also been reported. A metallic, sharp, unpleasant taste is not unusual. Cases of pancreatitis which abated on withdrawal of the drug, have been reported. Crohn's disease patients are known to have an increased incidence of gastrointestinal and certain extraintestinal cancers. If patients receiving metronidazole drink alcoholic beverages, they may experience abdominal distress, nausea, vomiting, flushing or headache. A modification of the taste of alcoholic beverages has also been reported.
Furry tongue, tongue discolouration, glossitis and stomatitis have occurred; these may be associated with a sudden overgrowth of Candida which may occur during effective therapy.
Body as a whole.
Hypersensitivity reactions include rash, pruritus, flushing, urticaria, fever, angioedema and anaphylactic shock. Nasal congestion and dryness of the mouth have been reported. Mild erythematous eruptions have been experienced, as have fleeting joint pains sometimes resembling serum sickness. Pustular eruptions and acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis have been reported. Fixed drug eruption has been reported. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis have also been reported.
Liver.
Increase in liver enzymes (AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase), cholestatic or mixed hepatitis and hepatocellular liver injury, sometimes with jaundice, have been reported.
Cases of liver failure requiring liver transplant have been reported in patients treated with metronidazole in combination with other antibiotic drugs; all spiramycin except one case of tetracycline.
Cases of severe irreversible hepatotoxicity/acute liver failure, including cases with fatal outcomes with very rapid onset after initiation of systemic use of metronidazole, have been reported in patients with Cockayne syndrome (latency from drug start to signs of liver failure as short as 2 days) (see Section 4.3 Contraindications).
Haematology.
A moderate leucopenia may be observed occasionally. If this occurs, the total leucocyte count may be expected to return to normal after the course of medication is completed. One case of bone marrow depression has been reported. If profound bone marrow suppression occurs, use of metronidazole should be ceased and appropriate supportive therapy instituted. Cases of agranulocytosis, neutropenia or thrombocytopenia have been reported.
Psychiatric/CNS disorders.
Dizziness, vertigo, incoordination, headache and convulsive seizures have been reported. Psychotic disorders such as confusion and hallucinations have been reported. Depression, depressed mood, insomnia, irritability, weakness have been experienced, as has peripheral neuropathy, characterised mainly by numbness or paraesthesia of an extremity. There have been reports of encephalopathy (e.g. confusion, vertigo) and subacute cerebellar syndrome (e.g. ataxia, dysarthria, gait impairment, nystagmus and tremor), which may resolve with the discontinuation of the drug. Since persistent peripheral neuropathy has been reported in some patients receiving prolonged administration of metronidazole, such subjects should be specifically warned about these reports and should be told to stop the drug and report immediately if any neurological symptoms occur. Aseptic meningitis has been reported.
Frequency not known: vertigo, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES).
Eye disorders.
Optic neuropathy/neuritis and transient vision disorders such as diplopia, myopia, blurred vision, decreased visual acuity and changes in colour vision have been reported.
Ear and labyrinth disorders.
Impaired hearing/hearing loss (including sensorineural) and tinnitus have been reported.
Genito-urinary tract.
Proliferation of Candida also may occur in the vagina. Dryness of the vagina or vulva, pruritus, dysuria, cystitis and a sense of pelvic pressure have been reported. Very rarely dyspareunia, fever, polyuria, incontinence, decrease of libido, proctitis and pyuria have occurred in patients receiving the drug.
Instances of darkened urine have been reported and this manifestation has been the subject of special investigation. Although the pigment which is probably responsible for this phenomenon has not been positively identified, it is almost certainly a metabolite of metronidazole. It seems certain that it is of no clinical significance and may be encountered only when metronidazole is administered in higher than recommended doses.
Cardiovascular.
Flattening of the T wave may be seen in ECG tracings.
Frequency not known: QT prolongation has been reported, particularly when metronidazole was administered with drugs with the potential for prolonging the QT interval.
Reporting suspected adverse reactions.
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after registration of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit-risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions at www.tga.gov.au/reporting-problems (Australia).4.9 Overdose
Symptoms.
Overdosage with metronidazole appears to be associated with very few abnormal signs or symptoms. Disorientation, ataxia and vomiting may occur, especially after ingestion of large amounts. In case of suspected massive overdosages, a symptomatic and supportive treatment should be instituted.
Single oral doses of metronidazole, up to 12 g, have been reported in suicide attempts and accidental overdoses.
Treatment.
There is no specific antidote for metronidazole overdosage. In cases of suspected overdosage, a symptomatic and supportive treatment should be instituted.
For information on the management of overdose, contact the Poison Information Centre on 131126 (Australia).5 Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: antibacterials for systemic use, ATC code J01X D01.
Mechanism of action.
Specific bactericidal activity against important obligate anaerobes.
Metronidazole is effective in vitro against several species of anaerobic bacteria, particularly Bacteroides fragilis and other species of bacteroides, and other species such as fusobacteria, eubacteria, clostridia, and anaerobic streptococci. The MIC for most susceptible anaerobes is < 6.2 microgram/mL.
Note.
Metronidazole is inactive against aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria. Metronidazole is active against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms, notably Trichomonas vaginalis and other trichomonads, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Balantidium coli and the causative organisms of acute ulcerative gingivitis.
Clinical trials.
No data available.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Absorption.
Maximum concentrations occur in the serum 1 to 2 hours after oral administration and at the end of the infusion after intravenous administration. Traces are detected after 24 hours. The biological half-life of oral and intravenous metronidazole has been determined as 6 to 7 and 7.3 hours respectively.
Distribution.
Metronidazole is widely distributed in body tissues and fluids. It diffuses across the blood-brain barrier and placenta and is found in the breast milk of nursing mothers in concentrations equivalent to those in serum.
It is not protein bound to any significant degree.
Metabolism.
No data available.
Excretion.
Most of the dose is excreted in the urine as metronidazole and its metabolites, including acid oxidation products and glucuronides.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
Genotoxicity.
In studies on the mutagenic potential of metronidazole, the Ames test was positive while several nonbacterial tests in animals were negative. In the patients with Crohn's disease, metronidazole increased the chromosome abnormalities in circulating lymphocytes. The use of metronidazole for longer treatment than usually required should be carefully weighed (see Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use) and the benefit/risks should, therefore, be carefully assessed in each case particularly in relation to the severity of the disease and the age of the patient.
Carcinogenicity.
Metronidazole been shown to be tumorigenic and carcinogenic in rodents.6 Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List of Excipients
Anhydrous calcium hydrogen phosphate, pregelatinized maize starch, povidone, maize starch, crospovidone, microcrystalline cellulose, colloidal anhydrous silica, magnesium stearate, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol 400, purified water.
6.2 Incompatibilities
Incompatibilities were either not assessed or not identified as part of the registration of this medicine.
6.3 Shelf Life
In Australia, information on the shelf life can be found on the public summary of the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG). The expiry date can be found on the packaging.
6.4 Special Precautions for Storage
Store below 25°C. Protect from light.
6.5 Nature and Contents of Container
Alu-PVC blister packs.
200 mg tablets.
Pack sizes: 7s, 10s, 14s, 21s, 100s# and 250s#.
400 mg tablets.
Pack sizes: 7s, 10s, 14s, 21s, 100s# and 250s#.
# For hospital dispensing only.
6.6 Special Precautions for Disposal
In Australia, any unused medicine or waste material should be disposed of by taking to your local pharmacy.
6.7 Physicochemical Properties
Metronidazole is 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole. It appears as white to brownish cream crystals with melting point of 159 to 162°C. Metronidazole in a saturated aqueous solution has a pH of between 6 and 7.5. Solubility at 20°C (g/100 mL): 1 in water; 0.5 in ethanol; 0.4 in chloroform; slightly soluble in ether, soluble in dilute acids.
Chemical structure.
Chemical formula: C6H9N3O3.
Molecular weight: 171.15 g/mol.
CAS number.
443-48-1.7 Medicine Schedule (Poisons Standard)
Tablets: Schedule 4. Prescription Only Medicine.
Summary Table of Changes
