Consumer medicine information

Sevoflurane Sandoz

Sevoflurane

BRAND INFORMATION

Brand name

Sevoflurane Sandoz

Active ingredient

Sevoflurane

Schedule

S4

 

Consumer medicine information (CMI) leaflet

Please read this leaflet carefully before you start using Sevoflurane Sandoz.

SUMMARY CMI

Sevoflurane Sandoz®

Consumer Medicine Information (CMI) summary

The full CMI on the next page has more details. If you are worried about using this medicine, speak to your doctor or pharmacist.

1. Why am I using Sevoflurane Sandoz?

Sevoflurane Sandoz contains the active ingredient sevoflurane. Sevoflurane Sandoz is an anaesthetic medicine given by a mask to put you to sleep during an operation or procedure.

For more information, see Section 1. Why am I using Sevoflurane Sandoz? in the full CMI.

2. What should I know before I use Sevoflurane Sandoz?

Talk to your doctor before you receive this medicine if he/she is not aware that you have any other medical conditions, take any other medicines, or are pregnant or plan to become pregnant or are breastfeeding.

For more information, see Section 2. What should I know before I use Sevoflurane Sandoz? in the full CMI.

3. What if I am taking other medicines?

Some medicines may interfere with Sevoflurane Sandoz and affect how it works, or Sevoflurane Sandoz may interfere with other medicines and affect how they work.

A list of these medicines is in Section 3. What if I am taking other medicines? in the full CMI.

4. How is Sevoflurane Sandoz given?

  • Your doctor will give you Sevoflurane Sandoz by a mask during your procedure or operation.
  • The amount of Sevoflurane Sandoz given will be determined by your doctor based on your individual needs.
  • You may receive other medicines, including by injection, before, during and after your procedure.

More instructions can be found in Section 4. How is Sevoflurane Sandoz given? in the full CMI.

5. What should I know while using Sevoflurane Sandoz?

Things you should do
  • Remind any doctor, nurse, dentist or pharmacist treating you that you have had a procedure or operation and have had Sevoflurane Sandoz.
Things you should not do
  • Do not use Sevoflurane Sandoz if you have ever had a bad reaction to Sevoflurane Sandoz or a similar anaesthetic medicine.
Driving or using machines
  • Do not drive or operate machines after receiving Sevoflurane Sandoz.
  • Ask your doctor how long before you can do so.
Drinking alcohol
  • Ask your doctor when you can drink alcohol after having Sevoflurane Sandoz.
Looking after your medicine
  • Sevoflurane Sandoz is stored by the hospital in a cool dry place.

For more information, see Section 5. What should I know while using Sevoflurane Sandoz? in the full CMI.

6. Are there any side effects?

The most common side effects include significant slowing of breathing, low blood pressure, changes in heart rate: fast, slow or irregular. You will be closely monitored for these during your procedure.

For more information, including what to do if you have any side effects, see Section 6. Are there any side effects? in the full CMI.



FULL CMI

Sevoflurane Sandoz®

Active ingredient(s): sevoflurane (see-voh-flu-rayn)

Consumer Medicine Information (CMI)

This leaflet provides important information about using Sevoflurane Sandoz. You should also speak to your doctor or pharmacist if you would like further information or if you have any concerns or questions about using Sevoflurane Sandoz.

Where to find information in this leaflet:

1. Why am I using Sevoflurane Sandoz?
2. What should I know before I use Sevoflurane Sandoz?
3. What if I am taking other medicines?
4. How is Sevoflurane Sandoz given?
5. What should I know while using Sevoflurane Sandoz?
6. Are there any side effects?
7. Product details

1. Why am I using Sevoflurane Sandoz?

Sevoflurane Sandoz contains the active ingredient sevoflurane.

Sevoflurane Sandoz is an anaesthetic medicine used to put you to sleep during an operation or procedure. It is given by a mask for you to breathe it in.

It is suitable for both adults and children.

2. What should I know before I use Sevoflurane Sandoz?

Warnings

Do not use Sevoflurane Sandoz if:

  • you have ever had a bad reaction to Sevoflurane Sandoz or other similar anaesthetic medicines
  • you or a member of your family have had malignant hyperthermia (a dramatic rise in body temperature) when given Sevoflurane Sandoz or a similar anaesthetic medicine.

Check with your doctor if you:

  • have or have had problems with your liver
  • have or have had problems with your heart
  • have or have had problems with your kidneys
  • have received Sevoflurane Sandoz or a similar anaesthetic medicine within the last 3 months
  • take any medicines for any other condition.

Check with your doctor if your child:

  • has a condition called Pompe disease, a disease that causes muscle weakness and difficulty breathing
  • has or has had convulsions or fits.

During treatment, you may be at risk of developing certain side effects. It is important you understand these risks and how to monitor for them. See additional information under Section 6. Are there any side effects?

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

Make sure your doctor is aware that you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Sevoflurane Sandoz can affect the uterus (womb) causing it to relax which can lead to bleeding.

Make sure you doctor is aware that you are breastfeeding or intend to breastfeed.

Children

Discuss the risks of your child receiving Sevoflurane Sandoz with your doctor prior to surgery.

3. What if I am taking other medicines?

Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking any other medicines, including any medicines, vitamins or supplements that you buy without a prescription from your pharmacy, supermarket or health food shop.

Some medicines may interfere with Sevoflurane Sandoz and affect how it works; while Sevoflurane Sandoz may affect how other medicines work.

You will be under the care of your doctors during your operation. They will determine if you need additional medicines. The list below only includes medicines that you may already be taking.

Medicines that may increase the effect of Sevoflurane Sandoz include:

  • monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI), a particular type of medicine used to treat depression, e.g. phenylzine, tranylcypromine
  • isoniazid, a medicine used to treat infections caused by bacteria (antibiotic)
  • barbiturates, older medicines sometimes used to treat epilepsy.

Medicines where Sevoflurane Sandoz may increase their effect include:

  • calcium channel blockers, medicines that cause blood vessels to relax and widen which improves oxygen supply to the heart, and lowers blood pressure (e.g. diltiazem, verapamil)
  • opioids, medicines used mostly for treating strong pain, such as oxycodone, morphine, methadone
  • benzodiazepines, medicines that work in the brain used to treat anxiety, and to relax muscles (e.g. diazepam, clonazepam)

Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you are not sure about what medicines, vitamins or supplements you are taking and if these affect Sevoflurane Sandoz.

4. How is Sevoflurane Sandoz given?

How much is given

  • Only persons trained in the administration of general anaesthesia give Sevoflurane Sandoz. It is given using a vaporiser.
  • Your doctor will determine the correct dose for you depending on the procedure, how long the effect needs to last, and any risk factors that need to be considered.

When Sevoflurane Sandoz is given

  • Your doctor will determine the best time to give you Sevoflurane Sandoz depending on your procedure.
  • You may receive other medicines, including by injection, before and during your procedure.
  • In some instances, following your procedure, other medicines may need to be taken, such as to relieve pain. Your doctor will let you know which medicines, how to take them and how long to take them.

If you think you received too much Sevoflurane Sandoz

As Sevoflurane Sandoz is given under strict supervision it is unlikely that you will receive too much. However, the anaesthetist can reduce the dose of Sevoflurane Sandoz and provide oxygen should your blood pressure be too low or you have difficulty in breathing

If you think that you have received too much Sevoflurane Sandoz, you may need urgent medical attention.

You should immediately:

  • phone the Poisons Information Centre
    (by calling 13 11 26), or
  • contact your doctor, or
  • go to the Emergency Department at your nearest hospital.

You should do this even if there are no signs of discomfort or poisoning.

5. What should I know while using Sevoflurane Sandoz?

Things you should do

  • Follow all instructions given to you by your doctors and nurses before and after your procedure

Tell your doctor or nurse straight away if:

  • you notice your skin or eyes look yellow and/or you have pain or swelling in the tummy
  • your child's arms or legs twitching, eyes rolling to the back of the head, changes in breathing.

Remind any doctor, dentist or pharmacist you visit that you have recently had a procedure and received Sevoflurane Sandoz.

Driving or using machines

Do not drive or use machinery after receiving Sevoflurane Sandoz until your doctor tells you it is safe.

Drinking alcohol

Check with your doctor how long to wait before you can drink alcohol.

Looking after your medicine

The hospital will store your medicine before use.

6. Are there any side effects?

All medicines can have side effects. If you do experience any side effects, most of them are minor and temporary. However, some side effects may need medical attention.

You will be monitored during your procedure for side effects.

See the information below about possible side effects that may occur after your procedure. If you need to, ask your doctor or pharmacist if you have any further questions about side effects.

Less serious side effects

Less serious side effectsWhat to do
Gut:
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • increased saliva
Brain and nerves:
  • headache
  • dizziness
  • drowsiness
  • agitation (feeling tense or troubled, excessively stressed)
Airways:
  • cough
  • increased saliva.
Tell your doctor or nurse if you have any of these less serious side effects and they worry you.

Serious side effects

Serious side effectsWhat to do
Uterus or womb:
  • bleeding, similar to a period, that is unexpected
Liver:
  • yellowing of the eyes and/or skin
  • pain or swelling in the tummy
Children:
  • Signs of a seizure, including twitching, jerking movements, eyes rolling to the back of the head, changes in breathing.
Tell your doctor or nurse straight away, if you notice any of these serious side effects.

Tell your doctor, nurse or pharmacist if you notice anything else that may be making you feel unwell.

Other side effects not listed here may occur in some people.

Reporting side effects

After you have received medical advice for any side effects you experience, you can report side effects to the Therapeutic Goods Administration online at www.tga.gov.au/reporting-problems. By reporting side effects, you can help provide more information on the safety of this medicine.

7. Product details

This medicine is only available with a doctor's prescription.

This medicine is only available in a hospital or clinic.

What Sevoflurane Sandoz contains

Active ingredient
(main ingredient)		sevoflurane
Other ingredients
(inactive ingredients)		There are no other ingredients

Do not take this medicine if you are allergic to any of these ingredients.

What Sevoflurane Sandoz looks like

Sevoflurane Sandoz – clear, colourless liquid supplied in an amber 250 mL bottle (Aust R 286635).

Who distributes Sevoflurane Sandoz

Sandoz Pty Ltd
100 Pacific Highway
North Sydney, NSW 2060
Australia
Tel 1800 726 369

This leaflet was prepared in February 2025.

® Registered Trade Mark. The trade marks mentioned in this material are the property of their respective owners.

Published by MIMS April 2025

BRAND INFORMATION

Brand name

Sevoflurane Sandoz

Active ingredient

Sevoflurane

Schedule

S4

 

1 Name of Medicine

Sevoflurane.

2 Qualitative and Quantitative Composition

Sevoflurane is a non-flammable and non-explosive liquid administered by vaporisation. Sevoflurane Sandoz is a clear, colourless, stable liquid. At least 500 ppm of water is present to provide protection from environmental Lewis acids. No other additives or chemical stabilisers are used. It is non-pungent. Some physical constants of the compound are:
Specific gravity at 20°C 1.520 - 1.525.
Boiling point (760 mmHg): 58.6°C.
Vapour pressure in mmHg: 157 mmHg at 20°C; 197 mmHg at 25°C; 317 mmHg at 36°C.

Distribution partition coefficients at 37°C.

Blood / Gas 0.63 - 0.69, Water / Gas 0.36;
Olive Oil / Gas 47.2 - 53.9, Brain / Gas 1.15.

Mean Component/Gas Partition Coefficient at 25°C.

Conductive rubber 14.0, Isobutylene/isoprene copolymer (butyl rubber) 7.7, Polyvinyl chloride 17.4, Polyethylene 1.3.

3 Pharmaceutical Form

Sevoflurane is a non-flammable and non-explosive liquid administered by vaporisation.
Sevoflurane Sandoz is a clear, colourless, stable liquid.

4 Clinical Particulars

4.1 Therapeutic Indications

Sevoflurane Sandoz may be used for induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia in adult and paediatric patients undergoing surgery.

4.2 Dose and Method of Administration

The concentration of sevoflurane being delivered from a vaporiser during anaesthesia should be known. This may be accomplished by using a vaporiser calibrated specifically for sevoflurane.

Premedication.

Premedication should be selected according to the need of the individual patient, and at the discretion of the anaesthetist.

Induction.

Dosage should be individualised and titrated to the desired effect according to the patient's age and clinical status. A short acting barbiturate or other intravenous induction agent may be administered followed by inhalation of sevoflurane. Induction with sevoflurane may be achieved in oxygen or in combination with oxygen-nitrous oxide mixtures. In adults inspired concentrations of up to 5% sevoflurane usually produce surgical anaesthesia in less than 2 minutes. In children inspired concentrations of up to 7% sevoflurane usually produce surgical anaesthesia in less than 2 minutes.

Maintenance.

Surgical levels of anaesthesia may be sustained with concentrations of 0.5 - 3% sevoflurane with or without the concomitant use of nitrous oxide (see Table 1).

Elderly.

As with other inhalation agents, lesser concentrations of sevoflurane are normally required to maintain anaesthesia.
The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is the concentration at which 50% of the population tested does not move in response to a single stimulus of skin incision. MAC equivalents for sevoflurane for various age groups are summarised in Table 1.

Emergence.

Emergence times are generally short following sevoflurane anaesthesia. Therefore, patients may require post-operative pain relief earlier.

Renal or hepatic impairment.

Sevoflurane did not exacerbate pre-existing renal or hepatic impairment in clinical studies. However, caution is recommended when using sevoflurane in patients with renal insufficiency (see Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use).

4.3 Contraindications

Sevoflurane should not be used in patients with known sensitivity to sevoflurane or to other halogenated agents (e.g. history of hepatotoxicity, usually including elevated liver enzymes, fever, leukocytosis and/or eosinophilia temporally related to anaesthesia with one of these agents) or with known or suspected genetic susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia.
The use of sevoflurane in anaesthesia apparatus employing rebreathing circuits which contain Baralyme is contraindicated.

4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use

Sevoflurane may cause respiratory depression, which may be augmented by narcotic premedication or other agents causing respiratory depression. Respiration should be supervised and if necessary, assisted.
Sevoflurane should be administered only by persons trained in the administration of general anaesthesia. Facilities for maintenance of a patent airway, artificial ventilation and oxygen enrichment and circulatory resuscitation must be immediately available.
The concentration of sevoflurane being delivered from a vaporizer must be known exactly. As volatile anaesthetics differ in their physical properties, only vaporizers specifically calibrated for sevoflurane must be used. The administration of general anaesthesia must be individualized based on the patient's response. Hypotension and respiratory depression increase as anaesthesia is deepened.
Isolated reports of QT prolongation, very rarely associated with torsade de pointes (in exceptional cases, fatal), have been received. Caution should be exercised when administering sevoflurane to susceptible patients.
Isolated cases of ventricular arrhythmia were reported in paediatric patients with Pompe's disease.
Caution should be exercised in administering general anaesthesia, including sevoflurane, to patients with mitochondrial disorders.
During maintenance of anaesthesia, increasing the concentration of sevoflurane produces dose-dependant decreases in blood pressure. An excessive decrease in blood pressure may be related to depth of anaesthesia and in such instances may be corrected by decreasing the inspired concentration of sevoflurane.
As with all anaesthetics, maintenance of haemodynamic stability is important to the avoidance of myocardial ischaemia in patients with coronary artery disease.
The recovery from general anaesthesia should be assessed carefully before patients are discharged from the post-anaesthesia care unit.

Replacement of desiccated CO2 absorbents.

Rare cases of extreme heat, smoke, and/or spontaneous fire in the anaesthesia machine have been reported during sevoflurane use in conjunction with the use of desiccated CO2 absorbent, specifically those containing potassium hydroxide (e.g. Baralyme). An unusually delayed rise or unexpected decline of inspired sevoflurane concentration compared to the vaporizer setting may be associated with excessive heating of the CO2 absorbent canister.
An exothermic reaction, enhanced sevoflurane degradation, and production of degradation products (see Section 2 Qualitative and Quantitative Composition) can occur when the CO2 absorbent becomes desiccated, such as after an extended period of dry gas flow through the CO2 absorbent canisters. Sevoflurane degradants (methanol, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, and Compounds A (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoroisopropenyl fluoromethyl ether (PIFE)), B (1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-methoxypropane (PMFE)), C (1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol), and D (1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-methoxyprop-1-ene) were observed in the respiratory circuit of an experimental anaesthesia machine using desiccated CO2 absorbents and maximum sevoflurane concentrations (8%) for extended periods of time (= 2 hours). Concentrations of formaldehyde observed at the anaesthesia respiratory circuit (using sodium hydroxide containing absorbents) were consistent with levels known to cause mild respiratory irritation. The clinical relevance of the degradants observed under this extreme experimental model is unknown.
When a clinician suspects that the CO2 absorbent may be desiccated, it should be replaced before administration of sevoflurane. The colour indicator of most CO2 absorbents does not necessarily change as a result of desiccation. Therefore, the lack of significant colour change should not be taken as an assurance of adequate hydration. CO2 absorbents should be replaced routinely regardless of the state of the colour indicator.

Compound A.

The production of degradants in the anaesthesia circuit results from the extraction of the acidic proton in the presence of a strong base (KOH and/or NaOH) forming an alkene (Compound A) from sevoflurane similar to formation of 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1difluoroethylene (BCDFE) from halothane. Baralyme causes more production of Compound A than does soda lime. Laboratory simulations have shown that the concentration of these degradants is inversely correlated with the fresh gas flow rate (See Figure 1).
At a fresh gas flow rate of 1 L/min, mean maximum concentrations of Compound A in the anaesthesia circuit in clinical settings are approximately 20 ppm (0.002%) with soda lime and 30 ppm (0.003%) with Baralyme in adult patients; mean maximum concentrations in paediatric patients with soda lime are about half those found in adults. The highest concentration observed in a single patient with Baralyme was 61 ppm (0.0061%) and 32 ppm (0.0032%) with soda lime. The concentrations of Compound A, measured in the anaesthesia circuit when sevoflurane is used clinically are not known to be deleterious to humans.
Sevoflurane produces low levels of Compound A and trace amounts of Compound B, when in direct contact with CO2 absorbants. Levels of Compound A increase with increase in canister temperature; increase in anaesthetic concentration, decrease in gas flow rate and increase more with the use of Baralyme rather than Soda lime. Although Compound A is a dose - dependent nephrotoxin in rats, the mechanism of this renal toxicity is unknown and has not been established in humans. While a level of Compound A exposure at which clinical nephrotoxicity might be expected to occur has not been established, it is prudent to consider all of the factors leading to Compound A exposure in humans, especially duration of exposure, fresh gas flow rate and concentration of sevoflurane. During sevoflurane anaesthesia the clinician should adjust inspired concentration and fresh gas flow rate to minimise exposure to Compound A. Because of limited clinical experience with sevoflurane in low - flow systems, fresh gas flow rates below 2 L/min in a circle absorber system are not recommended.

Malignant hyperthermia.

In susceptible individuals, potent inhalation anaesthetic agents including sevoflurane, may trigger a skeletal muscle hypermetabolic state leading to high oxygen demand and the clinical syndrome known as malignant hyperthermia. The clinical syndrome is signalled by hypercapnia, and may include muscle rigidity, tachycardia, tachypnoea, cyanosis, arrhythmias, and/or unstable blood pressure. Some of these non-specific signs may also appear during light anaesthesia, acute hypoxia, hypercapnia and hypovolaemia.
In clinical trials, one case of malignant hyperthermia was reported. In addition, there have been post-marketing reports of malignant hyperthermia. Some of these reports have been fatal. Sevoflurane has been shown to trigger malignant hyperthermia in genetically susceptible pigs.
Treatment of malignant hyperthermia includes discontinuation of triggering agents (e.g. sevoflurane), administration of intravenous dantrolene sodium (consult product information for intravenous dantrolene sodium for additional information on patient management), and application of supportive therapy. Such therapy includes vigorous efforts to restore body temperature to normal, respiratory and circulatory support as indicated, and management of electrolyte-fluid-acid-base abnormalities. Renal failure may appear later, and urine flow should be monitored and sustained if possible.
In clinical studies, sevoflurane has been associated with one case of malignant hyperthermia in 3220 exposures (incidence 0.03%). The patient responded to dantrolene sodium and subsequent muscle biopsy confirmed the patient's susceptibility to this condition.

Hyperkalaemic cardiac arrest in paediatric patients.

Use of inhaled anaesthetic agents has been associated with rare increases in serum potassium levels that have resulted in cardiac arrhythmias and death in paediatric patients during the postoperative period. Patients with latent as well as overt neuromuscular disease, particularly Duchenne muscular dystrophy, appear to be most vulnerable. Concomitant use of succinylcholine has been associated with most, but not all, of these cases. These patients also experienced significant elevations in serum creatine kinase levels and, in some cases, changes in urine consistent with myoglobinuria. Despite the similarity in presentation to malignant hyperthermia, none of these patients exhibited signs or symptoms of muscle rigidity or hypermetabolic state. Early and aggressive intervention to treat the hyperkalaemia and resistant arrhythmias is recommended, as is subsequent evaluation for latent neuromuscular disease.

Seizures.

Rare cases of seizures have been reported in association with sevoflurane use (see Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use, Paediatric use; Section 4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects)).

Use in hepatic impairment.

In a limited number of patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment (n = 16), the hepatic function was not affected by sevoflurane. The safety of sevoflurane in patients with severe hepatic impairment has not yet been demonstrated; therefore, sevoflurane should be used with caution in these patients.
Very rare cases of mild, moderate and severe post-operative hepatic dysfunction or hepatitis with or without jaundice have been reported from postmarketing experiences.
Clinical judgment should be exercised when sevoflurane is used in patients with underlying hepatic conditions or under treatment with drugs known to cause hepatic dysfunction (see Section 4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects)).
It has been reported that previous exposure to halogenated hydrocarbon anaesthetics, especially if the interval is less than 3 months, may increase the potential for hepatic injury.

Use in renal impairment.

Because clinical experience in administering sevoflurane in patients with renal insufficiencies (creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL) is limited (n = 21), its safety in these patients has not been fully established (see Section 5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties). Limited pharmacology data in these patients appear to suggest that the half-life of sevoflurane may be increased. The clinical significance is unknown at this time. Therefore due to limited clinical experience sevoflurane should be used with caution in patients with renal insufficiency.

Use in the elderly.

Fluoride concentrations have been measured after single, extended, and repeat exposure to sevoflurane in normal surgical and special patient populations, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. Compared with healthy individuals, the fluoride ion half-life was prolonged in patients with renal impairment, but not in the elderly.

Paediatric use.

The use of sevoflurane has been associated with seizures. Many of these have occurred in children and young adults starting from 2 months of age, most of whom had no predisposing risk factors. Clinical judgment should be exercised when using sevoflurane in patients who may be at risk for seizures. (See Section 4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects)).
Some published studies in children have observed cognitive deficits after repeated or prolonged exposures to anaesthetic agents early in life. These studies have substantial limitation, and it is not clear if the observed effects are due to the anaesthetic/analgesic/sedation drug administration or other factors such as the surgery or underlying illness.
Published animal studies of some anaesthetic/analgesic/sedation drugs that are NMDA antagonists or GABAergic agonists have reported adverse effects on brain development in early life and late pregnancy (see Section 5.3 Preclinical Safety Data). The clinical significance of these nonclinical findings is yet to be determined.
With inhalation or infusion of such drugs, exposure is longer than the period of inhalation or infusion. Depending on the drug and patient characteristics, as well as dosage, the elimination phase may be prolonged relative to the period of administration.

Effects on laboratory tests.

Occasional cases of transient changes in hepatic function tests and isolated examples of mild impairment of renal concentrating ability have been reported.

4.5 Interactions with Other Medicines and Other Forms of Interactions

Beta-sympathomimetic agents like isoprenaline and alpha- and beta- sympathomimetic agents like adrenaline and noradrenaline should be used with caution during sevoflurane narcosis, due to a potential risk of ventricular arrhythmia.

Non-selective MAO-inhibitors.

Risk of crisis during the operation. It is generally recommended that treatment should be stopped 2 weeks prior to surgery.
Sevoflurane may lead to marked hypotension in patients treated with calcium antagonists, in particular dihydropyridine derivates.
Caution should be exercised when calcium antagonists are used concomitantly with inhalation anaesthetics due to the risk of additive negative inotropic effect.
Concomitant use of succinylcholine with inhaled anaesthetic agents has been associated with rare increases in serum potassium levels that have resulted in cardiac arrhythmias and death in paediatric patients during the post-operative period.
Sevoflurane has been shown to be safe and effective when administered concurrently with a wide variety of agents commonly encountered in surgical situations such as central nervous system agents, autonomic drugs, skeletal muscle relaxants, anti-infective agents including aminoglycosides, hormones and synthetic substitutes, blood derivatives and cardiovascular drugs. Sevoflurane administration is compatible with barbiturates as commonly used in anaesthetic practice. (See Section 5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties).
Preclinical data suggest that the defluorination of sevoflurane by hepatic enzymes, and hence the production of fluoride, may be increased by agents such as alcohol, isoniazid and barbiturates.

Benzodiazepines and opioids.

Benzodiazepines and opioids are expected to decrease the MAC of sevoflurane in the same manner as with other inhalational anaesthetics. Sevoflurane administration is compatible with benzodiazepines and opioids as commonly used in anaesthetic practice.

Inducers of CYP2E1.

Medicinal products and compounds that increase the activity of cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2E1, such as isoniazid and alcohol, may increase the metabolism of sevoflurane and lead to significant increases in plasma fluoride concentrations (see Section 5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties, Pharmacokinetics of fluoride ion).

Nitrous oxide.

As with other halogenated volatile anaesthetics, the MAC of sevoflurane is decreased when administered in combination with nitrous oxide. Using 50% N2O, the MAC equivalent is reduced approximately 50% in adult and approximately 25% in paediatric patients (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration).

Neuromuscular blocking agents.

As with other inhalational anaesthetic agents, sevoflurane affects both the intensity and duration of neuromuscular blockade by non-depolarising muscle relaxants. When used to supplement alfentanil N2O anaesthesia, sevoflurane potentiates neuromuscular block induced with pancuronium, vecuronium or atracurium. The dosage adjustments for these muscle relaxants when administered with sevoflurane are similar to those required with isoflurane. The effect of sevoflurane on suxamethonium chloride and the duration of depolarising neuromuscular blockade has not been studied.
Dosage reduction of neuromuscular blocking agents during induction of anaesthesia may result in delayed onset of conditions suitable for endotracheal intubation or inadequate muscle relaxation because potentiation of neuromuscular blocking agents is observed a few minutes after the beginning of sevoflurane administration.
Among non-depolarising agents, vecuronium, pancuronium and atracurium interactions have been studied. The requirements for non-depolarising muscle relaxants: (1) for endotracheal intubation, do not reduce the dose of non-depolarising muscle relaxants, (2) during maintenance of anaesthesia, the dose of non-depolarising muscle relaxants is likely to be reduced compared to that during N2O/ opioid anaesthesia. Administration of supplemental doses of muscle relaxants should be guided by the response to nerve stimulation.
There is an increased incidence of hypotension and chills occurring with the combination of sevoflurane and alfentanil.

4.6 Fertility, Pregnancy and Lactation

Effects on fertility.

Potential effects of sevoflurane on male and female fertility have not been adequately investigated. In rats, after repeated administration of anaesthetic doses, there were suggestions of reduced fertility. The significance of these studies for humans is not known.
Reproduction studies have been performed in rats and rabbits at doses up to 2.2% and 1.8% respectively and have revealed no evidence of teratogenicity due to sevoflurane. However, teratogenic potential has not been adequately investigated in rabbits. The significance of these studies for humans is not known.
(Category B2)
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Sevoflurane should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
The safety of sevoflurane has been demonstrated in a clinical trial of anaesthesia for caesarean section. The safety of sevoflurane in labour and delivery has not been demonstrated.
Sevoflurane, like other inhalational agents, has relaxant effects on the uterus with the potential risk for uterine bleeding. Clinical judgment should be observed when using sevoflurane during obstetric anaesthesia.
Published animal studies of some anaesthetic/analgesic/sedation drugs that are NMDA antagonists or GABAergic agonists have reported adverse effects on brain development in early life and late pregnancy.
 It is not known whether sevoflurane or its metabolites is excreted in human milk. Due to the absence of documented experience, women should be advised to skip breast-feeding for 48 hours after administration of sevoflurane and discard milk produced during this period.

4.7 Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines

Although recovery of consciousness following sevoflurane administration generally occurs within minutes, the impact on intellectual function for two or three days following anaesthesia has not been studied. As with other anaesthetics, small changes in moods may persist for several days following administration.
Patients should be advised that performance of activities requiring mental alertness, such as operating a motor vehicle or hazardous machinery, may be impaired for some time after general anaesthesia.

4.8 Adverse Effects (Undesirable Effects)

As with all potent inhaled anaesthetics, sevoflurane may cause dose-dependant cardiorespiratory depression. Most adverse events are mild or moderate in severity and transient in duration. Nausea, vomiting, and delirium have been observed in the post-operative period, which may be due to the inhalational anaesthetic, other agents administered intra-operatively or post-operatively or the patient's response to the surgical procedure.
In clinical trials involving 2906 patients the incidence of cardiovascular adverse events was reported as less than one percent. The cardiovascular events reported were as follows: arrhythmia, ventricular extrasystoles, supraventricular extrasystoles, complete AV block, QT prolongation associated with Torsade, bigeminy, inverted T wave, atrial fibrillation, atrial arrhythmia, second degree heart block, S-T depressed.
Adverse event data are derived from reference controlled clinical trials in 2906 patients exposed to sevoflurane including 2069 adults and 837 children. Adverse events are listed by body system in order of decreasing frequency.

Adverse events during the induction period (from onset of anaesthesia by mask induction to surgical incision).

Adults (n = 118). Common (> 1% and < 10%).

Cardiovascular.

Bradycardia 5%, hypotension 4%, tachycardia 2%.

Nervous system.

Agitation 7%.

Respiratory disorder.

Laryngospasm 8%, airway obstruction 8%, breath-holding 5%, cough increased 5%.
Paediatric patients (n = 507). Very Common (≥ 10%).

Nervous system.

Agitation 15%.
Common (> 1% and < 10%).

Cardiovascular.

Tachycardia 6%, hypotension 4%.

Digestive system.

Increased salivation 2%.

Respiratory system.

Breath-holding 5%, cough increased 5%, laryngospasm 3%, apnoea 2%.

Adverse events during maintenance and emergence periods.

(All patients n = 2906).Very common (> 10%).

Digestive system.

Nausea 25%, vomiting 18%.

Cardiovascular system.

Hypotension 11%.

Respiratory system.

Cough increased 11%.
Common (> 1% and < 10%).

Body as a whole.

Shivering 6%, hypothermia 1%, movement 1%, fever 1%, headache 1%.

Cardiovascular system.

Bradycardia 5%, hypertension 2%, tachycardia 2%.

Nervous system.

Somnolence 9%, agitation 9%, dizziness 4%, increased salivation 4%.

Respiratory system.

Breath-holding 2%, laryngospasm 2%.
Other changes in laboratory tests were consistent with those expected with anaesthesia and surgery, and are similar in incidence and magnitude to other inhalational agents.

Adverse events - post-marketing.

As with other anaesthetic agents:
cases of dystonic movement with spontaneous resolution have been reported in children receiving sevoflurane for induction of anaesthesia with an uncertain relationship to sevoflurane;
seizure-like activity (described as convulsions, seizures, tonic-clonic movements and twitching) may occur on very rare occasions following sevoflurane administration. Reported events were of short duration and there was no evidence of any abnormality during emergence from anaesthesia or in the postoperative period.
Rare reports of post-operative hepatitis exist. In addition, there have been rare post-marketing reports of hepatic failure and hepatic necrosis associated with the use of potent volatile anaesthetic agents, including sevoflurane. However, the actual incidence and relationship of sevoflurane to these events cannot be established with certainty.
Rare reports of hypersensitivity (including contact dermatitis, rash, dyspnoea, wheezing, chest discomfort, swelling face, or anaphylactic reaction) have been received, particularly in association with long-term occupational exposure to inhaled anaesthetic agents, including sevoflurane.
Very rare events of acute renal failure have been reported with an uncertain relationship to sevoflurane.
Rare events of malignant hyperthermia (see Section 4.3 Contraindications; Section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use) and allergic reactions, such as rash, urticaria, pruritus, bronchospasm, anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions have been reported (see Section 4.3 Contraindications).
There have been very rare postmarketing reports of cardiac arrest in the setting of sevoflurane use.

Reporting suspected adverse effects.

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after registration of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit-risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions at www.tga.gov.au/reporting-problems.

4.9 Overdose

In the event of overdosage, the following action should be taken: Discontinue administration of sevoflurane, maintain a patent airway, initiate assisted or controlled ventilation with oxygen and maintain adequate cardiovascular function.
For information on the management of overdose, contact the Poisons Information Centre on 131126 (Australia).

5 Pharmacological Properties

5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties

Mechanism of action.

Sevoflurane has been demonstrated to be a fast-acting, non-irritating agent in a variety of animal species including man. Administration has been associated with a smooth, rapid loss of consciousness during inhalation induction and a rapid recovery following discontinuation of anaesthesia.
As with other halogenated agents, minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) decreases with age and with the addition of nitrous oxide (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration).
Induction is accomplished with a minimum of excitement or of signs of upper respiratory irritation, no evidence of excessive secretions within the tracheobronchial tree and no central nervous system stimulation. The times for induction and recovery were reduced in paediatric patients who received sevoflurane in clinical studies.

Clinical trials.

Some of the recovery variables evaluated during the sevoflurane clinical program are summarised in Tables 2, 3 and 4.

Cardiovascular effects.

Sevoflurane was studied in 14 healthy volunteers (18-35 years old) comparing sevoflurane-O2 (Sevo/O2) to sevoflurane-N2O/O2 (Sevo/N2O/O2) during 7 hours of anaesthesia. During controlled ventilation, haemodynamic parameters measured are shown in Figure 2-5.
Sevoflurane is a dose-related cardiac depressant. Sevoflurane does not produce increases in heart rate at doses less than 2 MAC.
A study investigating the adrenaline induced arrhythmogenic effect of sevoflurane versus isoflurane in adult patients undergoing transsphenoidal hypophysectomy demonstrated that the threshold dose of adrenaline (i.e. the dose at which the first sign of arrhythmia was observed) producing multiple ventricular arrhythmias was 5 microgram/kg with both sevoflurane and isoflurane. Consequently, the interaction of sevoflurane with adrenaline appears to be equal to that seen with isoflurane.

Cardiovascular surgery/coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.

Sevoflurane was compared to isoflurane as an adjunct with opioids in a multicentre study of 273 patients undergoing CABG surgery. The average MAC dose was 0.49 for sevoflurane and 0.53 for isoflurane. No statistical differences were observed between the two treatment groups with respect to incidence (sevoflurane 7%, isoflurane 11%) and duration (sevoflurane approx. 18 minutes, Isoflurane approx. 17 minutes) of ischaemic events, number of patients with diagnosis of myocardial infarction (sevoflurane 8%, isoflurane 10%), time to haemodynamic stability (sevoflurane approx. 5 hours, isoflurane approx. 6 hours), or use of cardioactive drugs (sevoflurane 53%, isoflurane 47%).

Non-cardiac surgery patients at risk for myocardial ischaemia.

Sevoflurane-N2O was compared to isoflurane-N2O for maintenance of anaesthesia in a multicentre study of 214 patients who were at mild-to-moderate risk for myocardial ischaemia who underwent elective non-cardiac surgery. The average MAC dose was 0.49 for both drugs. No statistical differences were observed between the treatment groups for the incidence of any haemodynamic variation (tachycardia, bradycardia, hypertension, hypotension, and ischaemia without haemodynamic abnormality). No statistical differences were observed between the two regimens with respect to intra-operative incidence of myocardial ischaemia (sevoflurane 6%, isoflurane 3%) or post-operative incidence of ischaemic events (sevoflurane 10%, isoflurane 16%). No statistical differences were observed between the treatment groups for the incidences of study drug-related adverse experience by body system or by COSTART term (sevoflurane 60%, isoflurane 61%). There was one death in the sevoflurane group while four deaths occurred in the isoflurane group. None of these deaths were considered by the investigator to be drug-related.

Paediatric anaesthesia.

The concentration of sevoflurane required for maintenance of general anaesthesia is age- dependent (see Section 4.2 Dose and Method of Administration). Overall incidences of bradycardia (more than 20 beats/min less than normal) is lower for sevoflurane (3%) than for halothane (7%). Emergence times for sevoflurane are faster than with halothane (12 vs 19 minutes, respectively). A higher incidence of agitation occurs with sevoflurane (208/837 patients or 25%) when compared with halothane (114/661 patients or 17%).

Neurosurgery.

Three studies compared sevoflurane to isoflurane for maintenance of anaesthesia during neurosurgical procedures. In a study of 20 patients, there was no difference between sevoflurane and isoflurane with regard to recovery from anaesthesia. In two studies, a total of 22 patients with intracranial pressure (ICP) monitors received either sevoflurane or isoflurane. There was no difference between sevoflurane and isoflurane with regard to ICP response to inhalation of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 MAC inspired concentrations of volatile agent during N2O-O2- fentanyl anaesthesia. During progressive hyperventilation from PaCO2 = 40 to PaCO2 = 30, ICP response to hypocarbia was preserved with sevoflurane at both 0.5 and 1.0 MAC concentrations. In patients at risk for elevations of ICP, sevoflurane should be administered cautiously in conjunction with ICP-reducing maneuvers such as hyperventilation.

Caesarean section.

Sevoflurane (n = 29) was compared to isoflurane (n = 27) in ASA Class I or II patients for the maintenance of anaesthesia during caesarean section. Newborn evaluations and recovery events were recorded. With both anaesthetics, Apgar scores averaged 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively.
Use of sevoflurane as part of general anaesthesia for elective caesarean section produced no untoward effects in mother or neonate. Sevoflurane and isoflurane demonstrated equivalent recovery characteristics. There was no difference between sevoflurane and isoflurane with regard to the effect on the newborn, as assessed by Apgar Score and Neurological and Adaptive Capacity Score (average = 29.5). The safety of sevoflurane in labour and vaginal delivery has not been evaluated.

5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties

Absorption and distribution.

The low solubility of sevoflurane in blood would suggest that alveolar concentrations should rapidly increase upon induction and rapidly decrease upon cessation of the inhaled agent. This was confirmed in a clinical study where inspired and end-tidal concentrations (FI and FA) were measured. The FA/FI (wash-in) value at 30 minutes for sevoflurane was 0.85. The FA/FAO (washout) value at 5 minutes was 0.15 where FAO is the last alveolar concentration measured immediately before discontinuance of the anaesthetic. See Figures 6 and 7.

Metabolism and excretion.

The rapid pulmonary elimination of sevoflurane minimises the amount of anaesthetic available for metabolism.
In humans approximately 5% sevoflurane absorbed is metabolised by cytochrome P450 2E1 to 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP), with release of inorganic fluoride and carbon dioxide (or a one carbon fragment). Once formed HFIP is rapidly conjugated with glucuronic acid and eliminated. No other metabolic pathways for sevoflurane have been identified. It is the only fluorinated volatile anaesthetic that is not metabolised to trifluoracetic acid.
Cytochrome P450 2E1 is the principal isoform identified for sevoflurane metabolism and this may be induced by chronic exposure to isoniazid and ethanol. This is similar to the metabolism of isoflurane and enflurane and is distinct from that of methoxyflurane which is metabolised via a variety of cytochrome P450 isoforms.
Approximately 7% of patients/volunteers evaluated for inorganic fluoride concentration in Abbott clinical studies had fluoride levels > 50 microM (see Section 4.5 Interactions with Other Medicines and Other Forms of Interactions, Inducers of CYP2E1).

Pharmacokinetics of fluoride ion.

Fluoride ion concentrations are influenced by the duration of anaesthesia, the concentration of sevoflurane administered, and the composition of the anaesthetic gas mixture. In studies where anaesthesia was maintained purely with sevoflurane for periods ranging from 1 to 6 hours, peak fluoride concentrations ranged between 12 microM and 90 microM. As shown in Figure 9, peak concentrations occur within 2 hours of the end of anaesthesia and are less than 25 microM (475 nanogram/mL) for the majority of the population after 10 hours. The half-life is in the range of 15-23 hours.
It has been reported that following administration of methoxyflurane, serum inorganic fluoride concentrations > 50 microM were correlated with the development of vasopressin-resistant, polyuric renal failure. Inadequate data exist to evaluate the nephrotoxicity of elevated fluoride concentrations with sevoflurane. Isolated examples of mild impairment of concentrating ability have been reported. In clinical trials with sevoflurane, there were no reports of toxicity with elevated fluoride ion levels. Based on animal and human studies this methoxyflurane derived threshold does not appear valid for sevoflurane, perhaps due to sevoflurane's rapid pulmonary elimination, difference in cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in metabolism, low level of metabolism and lower area under the curve (Figure 8).

Fluoride concentrations after repeat exposure and in special populations.

Fluoride concentrations have been measured after single, extended, and repeat exposure to sevoflurane in normal surgical and special patient populations, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined.
Compared with healthy individuals, the fluoride ion half-life was prolonged in patients with renal impairment, but not in the elderly. A study in 8 patients with hepatic impairment suggests a slight prolongation of the half-life. The mean half-life in patients with renal impairment averaged approximately 33 hours (range 21-61 hours) as compared to a mean of approximately 21 hours (range 10-48 hours) in normal healthy individuals. The mean halflife in the elderly (greater than 65 years) approximated 24 hours (range 18-72 hours). The mean half-life in individuals with hepatic impairment was 23 hours (range 16-47 hours). Mean maximal fluoride values (Cmax) determined in individual studies of special populations are displayed below. Obesity is a risk factor contributing to elevated inorganic fluoride concentrations. See Table 5.

5.3 Preclinical Safety Data

Compound A has been shown to be nephrotoxic in rats after exposures that have varied in duration from one to three hours. No histopathologic change was seen at a concentration of upto 270 ppm for one hour. Sporadic single cell necrosis of proximal tubule cells has been reported at a concentration of 114 ppm after a 3-hour exposure to Compound A in rats. The LC50 reported at 1 hour is 1050-1090 ppm (male-female) and, at 3 hours, 350-490 ppm (male-female).
Published studies in pregnant and juvenile animals suggest that the use of anaesthetic/analgesic and sedation drugs that block NMDA receptors and/or potentiate GABA activity during the period of rapid brain growth or synaptogenesis may result in neuronal and oligodendrocyte cell loss in the developing brain and alterations in synaptic morphology and neurogenesis when used for longer than 3 hours. These studies included anaesthetic agents from a variety of drug classes.

Genotoxicity.

No mutagenic effect was noted in the Ames test and no chromosomal aberrations were induced in cultured mammalian cells.

Carcinogenicity.

Studies on carcinogenesis have not been performed.

6 Pharmaceutical Particulars

6.1 List of Excipients

See Section 2 Qualitative and Quantitative Composition.

6.2 Incompatibilities

Sevoflurane is not corrosive to stainless steel, brass, aluminium, nickel plated brass, chrome plated brass, or copper beryllium alloy.

6.3 Shelf Life

In Australia, information on the shelf life can be found on the public summary of the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG). The expiry date can be found on the packaging.

6.4 Special Precautions for Storage

Store below 25°C.
Sevoflurane is stable when stored under normal room lighting conditions. No discernible degradation occurs in the presence of strong acids or heat. In the absence of a suitable inhibitor (such as water used in Sevoflurane Sandoz), sevoflurane can be degraded by Lewis acids, (e.g. oxides of common metals such as iron and aluminium) to give 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol , formaldehyde, hydrogen fluoride and other degradants. Through a separate mechanism, degradation in the clinical setting has been observed through direct contact with CO2 absorbents (soda lime and Baralyme), producing 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoroisopropenyl fluoromethyl ether (PIFE, C4H2F6O), a haloalkene derivative, also known as Compound A, and trace amounts of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-methoxypropane (PMFE, C4H4F6O) also known as Compound B. See Figure 10.
Sevoflurane degradation in soda lime has been shown to increase with temperature. Since the reaction of carbon dioxide with absorbents is exothermic, this temperature increase will be determined by quantities of CO2 absorbed, which in turn will depend on fresh gas flow in the anaesthesia circle system, metabolic status of the patient, and ventilation. The relationship of temperature produced by varying levels of CO2 and Compound A production is illustrated in the following in vitro simulation where CO2 was added to a circle absorber system.
Store bottle in an upright position. Sevoflurane Sandoz must be kept in the original container until immediately prior to use. Replace cap firmly in place after each use.

6.5 Nature and Contents of Container

Sevoflurane Sandoz 1 mL/mL inhalation bottle is packaged in 250 mL amber-coloured Type III glass bottles. They are available in pack size of 1 x 250 mL.

6.6 Special Precautions for Disposal

In Australia, any unused medicine or waste material should be disposed of by taking to your local pharmacy.

6.7 Physicochemical Properties

Chemical structure.


Chemical name: 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(fluoromethoxy)propane.
Molecular formula: C4H3F7O.
Molecular weight: 200.1.

CAS number.

28523-86-6.

7 Medicine Schedule (Poisons Standard)

Schedule 4.

Summary Table of Changes